Hyperlipdemia an new treatments with statin medications Essay

Hyperlipdemia an new treatments with statin medications - Essay Example The treatments at West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS – 1995) included 6596 men. The studies proved hugely successful; the all-cause mortality was reduced by 22% (Reamy, 1995). Such results from WOSCOPS and other accompanying studies lead to the commonplace practice of using statin therapy for acute ischemia (Reamy, 1995). It has been proven that synthetic statins such as rosuvastatin and atorvastatin decrease LDL levels. A study showed results of using intensive statin treatment on atherosclerotic plaque burden; the LDL cholesterol level dropped from â€Å"130mg/dl to post treatment level of 60.8mg/dl with 40mg/day rosuvastatin† (Reamy, 1995, p. 8). Other studies have also confirmed that statins are particularly useful for hypercholesterolemia in older patients. The curing action of statin was regardless of the previous levels of serum lipids, gender or age (Aronow, 2006). National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) III guidelines suggest that in high-risk patients low density lipoprotein (LDL) level of less than70mg/dl is a rational treatment strategy (Aronow, 2006). This strategy has nothing to do with the age of the patient. In case of a high risk patient with hypertriglyceridemia (low serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol), a combination of nicotinic acid or fibrate with any drug that has the property of lowering LDL cholesterol can be effective (Aronow, 2006). Moderately high-risk patients can be effectively treated with serum LDL cholesterol but the amount should be decreased to less than 100 mg/dl and this level of LDL cholesterol needs to be dropped further (30% to 40%) in case the patient is under LDL cholesterol drug therapy (Aronow, 2006). Despite remarkable lab results in treating hyperlipidemia there have been complications recorded with statin treatment. A study conducted in United Kingdom showed that hyperlipidemia patients treated with statin showed the likelihood of suffering

International business (Discussion Board) Assignment - 1

International business (Discussion Board) - Assignment Example this century, trade and its policies have fundamentally transformed societies that have heavily been stuck on poverty thus making the millennium development goals achievable over time. Trade plays the role of fostering development and holds the power to promote the economic growth of the country and with this; poverty is alleviated with a motive of reaching the development goals of such a country. It is upon countries to embrace and take advantage of trade opportunities in order to reap from its benefits. My fellow proponents have also reached a consensus in agreeing with my view that trade is important in the development of the country. Among their reasons that support this view are in the areas of infrastructure. They believe that when some countries do not have the capacity to acquire infrastructure, they would rather turn to deploying trade with other countries for the products they need. In my opinion, this would improve the economy of these countries since they use this platform to get what they do not produce. They tend to agree that some organizations have been accorded the mandate to work on possible ways of eradicating poverty through trade and WTO is given consideration. I tentatively agree think otherwise. I am tempted to believe that it is within a countries capacity to derive mechanisms to eradicate poverty since they understand their contexts very well. The only capacity they lack is on knowledge of how to and the resources needed to achieve this. WTO would rather act as an overseer in foreseeing that Countries is better equipped to handle their

Historical Site For Heritage Tourism Tourism Essay

Historical Site For Heritage Tourism Tourism Essay The Team Jamaica Handbook, 2006 defines tourist as any person who visits a country or place for more than twenty-four (24) hours but less than a year for a variety of reasons other than employment. One of the most popular attractions for tourist activities on vacation is visiting historical and culture sites. According to the tourism technical report (1998), Since the 90s Heritage Tourism has been the growth segments of the industry, given the countrys rich history and culture. Jamaica has attracted quite a large number of persons, both locally and internationally. It has become apparent that there has been a growing interest in historical and cultural aspects of Jamaicas life among visitors who travel to our country. (Chang 1997) has defined Heritage tourism as the phenomenon in which the cultural, historical and ethnic components of society or places are harnessed as resources to attract tourists, as well as develop a leisure and tourism industry. While, the national trust defines it as a traveling experience, the places and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. It includes historic, cultural and natural resources. As a result, the whole aspect of heritage tourism can be categorized into several facets called themes as laid out in the 2002 Tourism Master Plan. These includes natural wonders, slavery and emancipation, churches, great houses, maroons, Pre-Columbian Jamaica, forts and fortications and popular customs such as music, dance, dress and language. The case study focuses on the parish of St. Catherine being restored and promoted as a historic site for heritage tourism. Jamaica has been promoted as the island for sun, sea, sand and winter get-away for a number of years. It is where tourists come to frolic and take part in recreational activities. Jamaica consists of fourteen parishes, with St. Catherine been one of its parishes nestled between Clarendon and St. Andrew/Kingston. This Parish was the first area to hold the first capital, Spanish Town, of Jamaica. Hence, this parish holds tremendous sentimental and valuable rich culture that has nourished and molded Jamaica. Heritage Tourism is important as the development of assets is the key to sustainable development as it ensures that the product reflects the culture and aspirations of the Jamaican people. In restoring and promoting heritage tourism, it can become a tedious process so it is essential to promote our cultural remnant and customs that will attract heritage visitors. Through this process, it will be able to do more for local economies by providing jobs, promoting community pride and the structure for new business. Thus, the parish of St. Catherine has been neglected for long while and should be taken into consideration for restoration. Statement of Problem The parish of St. Catherine holds many historical sites which has not been restored and promoted. This research to be carried asserts that Heritage Tourism in St. Catherine has been in decline for a number of years. This has been the case because of the less attention being given to it by tourism managers in the area. Robert Bateman quotes that we need to look back at our wonderful, natural and human heritage, and cherish and protect the abundant values to be found there. We need to look out to the sides and see other parts of the world that need our help and can provide good ideas to go forwardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.we need too look ahead to be certain that our actions of today will make the world a better and richer and more varied place for our grandchildren and their grandchildren. This goes to show that conserving ones heritage is a growing concern that the Tourism Product Development Company has been placing further emphasis on development of Heritage Tourism and to widen the market f or Eco-Nature and Adventure Tourism. Heritage Tourism seems to be one of the many options to enlarge St. Catherines product base as well as enhancing Jamaicans understanding of their identity and preserving their valuable heritage. 1.2.1 Background to Research Problem The Tourism industry in Jamaica has been in full effect for years being one of the most anticipated places for tourists. In fact, tourism started to blossom in Jamaica after World War I when improved methods of transporting people to the island were established. The visit numbers have risen tremendously over the course from sixty four thousand in 1938 to One Million Six Hundred and Sixteen thousand Four Hundred and Thirty in 1993. This confirms that tourists are drawn to our island for what it has to offer. The major tourist sites are mostly on the north coast where people visit for the pleasant weather, white sandy beaches and resorts. These areas are mostly limited to Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Negril and Port Antonio while the parish of St. Catherine is used as a commercial centre next to Kingston which in turn holds a few numbers of visits for tourism appreciation. St. Catherine therefore needs a boost to sustain the heritage facets of tourism services. Due to the lack of many amenities to partake in, the deep roots of our heritage in St. Catherine may provide means of satisfying the Jamaican economy and the people who visit. All parts of this parish holds substantial cultural significance since it was the first home of Jamaicas capital, Spanish Town in 1534 and the home of the British Governor of the Island in that year. Most of St. Catherines heritage is held in the small town of Spanish Town holding the Parish Council, Supreme Court and House of Assembly. In 2011 an article was published criticizing Edmund Bartlett for not developing Spanish Town into a tourist destination. Then Mayor of Spanish Town and chairman of the St. Catherine Parish Council argued that the old capital should be restored and developed as a tourist mecca because Mr. Bartlett did not respond to his letter, thus emphasizing that he was not concerned with appreciating the true value of heritage tourism which contributes to eighty percent (80%) of tourism worldwide. In St. Catherine, there are various heritage facilities that will cater to the needs of tourist wanting to experience more of the heritage and a culture exchange. Some of these sites includes: bridges such as Flat Bridge, Old Iron Cast bridge, public buildings-Kings House, Military Structures-Barracks, Museums-Peoples Museum of Craft and Technology, monuments-Rodney Memorial, Churches-Phillipo Baptist, and forts-Fort Augusta and Fort Small. This comes to show that there are over twenty (20) buildings and area of interest that could be categorized as heritage sites. If St. Catherine is marketed properly it may attract hundreds of tourist to the parish. 1.3 Limitations to study ` The research is limited to the parish of St. Catherine, to residents and persons who have visited the area. The Jamaica Tourist Board along with the Tourism Product Development Company will also be used as they are responsible for developing, restoring and promoting cultural heritage in Jamaica. 1.4 Purpose of Study The aim of this research is to see how St. Catherine can be restored and promoted as a historical site for Heritage Tourism. The parish of St. Catherine which is located on the southern coast of Jamaica was chosen because it plays an integral role in our history. St. Catherine holds the first capital of our island, Spanish Town. The research is a source of information that lays out the current areas and applications to be carried out to make St. Catherine a travelled tourism destination for Heritage Tourism. They will be able to integrate and recognize different historical issues in the parish and determine various ways of making St. Catherine a diversified area for the tourism industry. Weiler and Hall has opined that culture, heritage and the arts have long been one of the appeal factors of tourists destinations and culture has been rediscovered as an important tool to attract the travelers with special interests in heritage. This statement justify that, persons will be impacted su ch as residents of St. Catherine, tourists and other visitors. Not only negatively through restoration but positively through fostering job opportunities, attracting visitors interested in history and preservation and diversifying the local economy. 1.5 Significance of Study The proposed research will determine ways on restoring and promoting St. Catherine as a destination for Heritage Tourism. The researcher hopes that the result of this study, the government will develop strategic measures to instill this area so it is preserved and protected. Since the parish has been neglected as far as the year 2009, the tourism body consisting of Ministry of Tourism, Jamaica National Heritage Trust, Jamaica Tourist Board and Tourism Product Development Company should put in place comprehensive and well conceived polices in order to encourage the restoration of the historical assets that each company constitutes. St. Catherine has the prospective to become a Heritage Tourism destination because of its distinct historical and cultural heritage and can provide visitors with unique experiences. Thus the significances should not be ignored but addressed to maintain the value of tourism in Jamaica. 1.6 Definition of Terms Tourist: Is any person who visits a country or place for more than twenty-four (24) hours but less than a year for a variety of reasons other than employment such as recreation, leisure, holiday, business, family and friends, or meeting. (Team Jamaica Handbook, 2006) Restoration: According to the Tourism Glossary (gdrc.org), restoration is returning existing habitats to a known past state, or to an approximation of the natural condition through repairing, degradation and removing introduced species. Promotion: All the activities in producing and increasing sales, including advertising, publicity and personal selling or the activities that supplements and makes more effective advertising and personal selling. Special events individually treated to bring public attention to specific products (Bhatia). As applied to the tourism industry, the most important function of marketing is to bring about an awareness of the product in the minds of existing as well as prospective consumers in the overall market area (Khan, 2005). Heritage Tourism: This is the phenomenon in which the cultural, historical and ethnic components of society or places are harnessed as resources to attract tourists, as well as develop a leisure and tourism industry. (Chang, 1997) 1.7 Research Questions/Hypotheses This research was premeditated and carried out to study three main research questions that will help St. Catherine become flourishing through restoration and promotion. They are: What is the present status of Heritage Tourism in St. Catherine? How can Heritage Tourism be restored in St. Catherine? How can Heritage Tourism be promoted in St. Catherine? 1.7.1 Hypotheses: St. Catherine, Jamaica can be restored and promoted as a historical site for Heritage Tourism. 1.8 Chapter Summary This chapter recaps the problems being faced of not using St. Catherine as a heritage site for Jamaica as well as the importance of the researchers topic and how it will affect persons such as the residents and tourists in St. Catherine. It gives a general overview of heritage tourism in Jamaica and St. Catherine along with various citations from persons who have said something about the issue of Heritage tourism and an understanding of different terms used throughout the introduction. 1.9 Thesis Overview The research is divided into five sections called chapters which are prearranged in the following way. The first section is an overall overview of the topic chosen including the introduction, statement of problem, background to research problem, limitations to study, purpose of study, Significance of Study, Research Questions/Hypotheses, and Definition of Terms. The second part holds an extensive description of St. Catherine as a heritage site. It also gives a brief story of the area of study and the major historical sites it holds, and the different practices taken to involve restoring and promoting heritage tourism as it relates to the research topics, questions and problems. The third section of the research examines the type of instrument used for the methodology to obtain information. Section four presents the findings, analysis and confers the results gathered from all findings. Lastly, section five draws the conclusion and presents recommendations and probable approaches to the topic.

The Death Penalty is Effective Essay -- Support Capital Punishment Ess

The Death Penalty is Effective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital Punishment in this country is a very controversial issue, and has been for quite some time. The history of the death penalty in America dates all the ways back to 1622, where Daniel Frank was executed in the Colony of Virginia for the crime of theft. (UAA) Many more unrecorded executions occurred until the U.S. Bureau of Justice statistics began keeping track in 1930. During that time, there was an average of about 150 executions per year. That number rose until about 1938 then began to decline until 1967, when executions in the U.S. came to a halt. There was no law or court ruling that resulted in this, it was more of a self-induced moratorium on the state level. The legal and moral questions seemed to be coming into play. Then a ruling in 1972 by the U.S. Supreme Court stated that the death penalty under current statutes is 'arbitrary and capricious' and therefore unconstitutional under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. (Furman v. Georgia) That rulin g was reached on a vote of five to four, clearly showing how even the U.S. Supreme Court Justices, the highest authority of the law, were torn on the issue. This ruling essentially made Capital Punishment illegal in the United States. This lasted about four years, until another case heard before the U.S. Supreme Court (Gregg v. Georgia 1976) that reinstated the death penalty. It stated that it must be administered with guided discretion, meaning it must be applied fairly and uniformly. Two additional cases brought before the Supreme Court this year (Jurek v. Texas) and ( Proffit v. Florida) upheld the original ruling, that the death penalty is Constitutional. All of these court rulings deal with only the legality and constitutionality on Capital Punishment. However, there are many more fractions to be examined to truly evaluate the effectiveness of the death penalty. The question of morality enters into the equation. Is state sanctioned Capital Punishment moral? Deterrence is also a nother large factor. Does the death penalty deter capital crimes? Any problems within the justice system have to be reviewed, such as defense for lower income individuals, judges discretion, and discrimination. Public opinion on the subject is a fairly important issue, as the laws in this country should reflect the public interest. The economic cost of the death penalty is of cour... .... "Wrongful Executions are Unlikely." Opposing Viewpoints . Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Shenendehowa Public Library. 24 Nov. 2003 Pataki, George E. "Capital Punishment is a Deterrent." Opposing Viewpoints . Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Shenendehowa Public Library. 24 Nov. 2003 Pojman, Louis P. "Unfair Application of Capital Punishment does not Justify Abolishing it." Opposing Viewpoints.   Ã‚  Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Shenendehowa Public Library. 19 Nov. 2003 Proffitt v. Florida. UAA Justice Center Web Site U.S. Supreme Ct. 1976. 18 Nov. 2003 http://www.uaa.alaska.edu>. Pulley v. Harris. UAA Justice Center Web Site U.S. Supreme Ct. 1984. 18 Nov. 2003 . Recent Poll Results from around the Country. 18 Nov. 2003 . Scalia, Antonin. "The Death Penalty is Legally Just." Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Shenendehowa Public Library. 19 Nov. 2003 Tucker, William. "Society Needs the Death Penalty to Deter Murderers." Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Shenendehowa Public Library. 24 Nov. 2003 Woodson v. North Carolina. UAA Justice Center Web Site U.S. Supreme Ct. 1976. 18 Nov. 2003.

Wiz Khalifa Bibliography

Kylee Jade Whitaker. (: Mr. Knight’s language arts Second hour Wiz Khalifa Most of you probably know him from his songs â€Å"Black and yellow† or â€Å"no sleep†. Here is a look into the life of Cameron Jibril Thomaz or better known as his stage name Wiz Khalifa. Khalifa was born on September 8, 1987 in Minot, North Dakota, to a mother and a father serving in the military. His parents divorced when he was about three years old. His parents' military service caused him to move regularly: Khalifa Over the next thirteen years, he would move between Pittsburgh and South Carolina, Georgia, Oklahoma, Germany, Japan, and England as his parents were reassigned to different posts. In October of 1990, Wiz was separated from his mother, who left him in the hands of her sister while she served in Operation Desert Storm. During his travels, Wiz was forced to mature quicker than his peers did. He was constantly faced with new surroundings, new schools, and new sets of friends, and he found it difficult to become attached to anyone outside his family roots. This nomadic life gave Wiz an opportunity, though, to broaden his mind and offered him many experiences from which to draw inspiration. He began to perceive the world differently than most kids, and he would write his thoughts down every day. These thoughts would become the foundation for his future recordings. He ended up settling in Pittsburgh where he went to Taylor Allderdice High School. His stage name is taken from khalifa, an Arabic word meaning â€Å"successor†, and wisdom, which was shortened to Wiz when Khalifa was fifteen. Khalifa stated to spinner. om that the name also came from being called â€Å"young Wiz 'cause I was good at everything I did, and my granddad is Muslim, so he gave me that name; he felt like that's what I was doing with my music. † He got his stage name tattooed on his 17th birthday. He says Camp Lo, The Notorious B. I. G. and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony are some of his influences. Khalifa released his first mix tape, Prince of the City: Welcome to Pistolvania, in 2005. The mix tape led to his first full-length album entitled Show and Prove in 2006. Khalifa was declared an â€Å"artist to watch† that year in Rolling Stone magazine. This year, XXLmag. com ran a feature on Wiz stating that â€Å"his buzz has officially started to outgrow the streets. † After rave reviews from his first debut single â€Å"Youngin On His Grind,† Wiz premiered his follow up â€Å"Say Yeah† on AllHipHop. com. According to yahoo. com, He was just eight years old when he decided he wanted to become a rapper, and has been on his current career path since he was just 15. He describes his music, as well as the music of Pittsburgh, as being a â€Å"worldwide sound†. This is due in part to his own travels and the fact Pittsburgh is made up of a diverse set of people and thus tastes. The same could be said of his own musical tastes, as he likes more than just rap music. The popular song Black and Yellow was written about the Pittsburgh Steelers and is now the anthem for the Super Bowl bound football team. Black and yellow are the Steelers' colors. Music isn’t the only thing the breakthrough MC is not just working to build upon. He also is working on covering his whole body in tattoos. He turned down a chance to open up for Drake on tour before he was signed by a record label. Wiz doesn’t like subway and his favorite color is green. : He has some quotes and some of my favorites are: 3 things I want in a relationship: Eyes that wont cry, lips than won’t lie, and love that won’t die. Girls fall in love with what they hear. Boys fall in love with what they see. That's why girls wear make-up; and boys lie. Some people make your life better by walking into it. But some people make your life better by simply walking out. Taylor gang or die. H ated by many wanted by plenty disliked by some confronted by none. Sometimes we waste too much time thinking about those who don’t think about us for a second. I love everything you hate about yourself. Why do we ignore those who adore us, adore those who ignore us, love the ones who hurt us and hurt the ones who love us? â€Å"Don't date the most beautiful person in the world. Date the person that makes your world the most beautiful† – Wiz Khalifa  ¦ ? Works Cited http://www. spinner. com/2010/03/12/wiz-khalifa-interview-sxsw-2010/ http://www. xxlmag. com/old-freshmen-2010/2010/03/wiz-khalifa-most-charismatic/ http://allhiphop. com/2011/12/12/the-2011-playback-allhiphop-coms-top-50-hottest-songs-of-2011-50-to-26/ http://voices. yahoo. com/fun-facts-wiz-khalifa-7759700. html

Functionalism on Computer Mouse Essay

The view, that the physical realization of a well-designed component is not, in some sense, its quintessence. Rather, what makes a functional component the kind it, is described in terms of its role in relating inputs to outputs and its relations to other functional components. If you see a machine that you’ve never seen before, you might ask: â€Å"What is that machine? What is its principle? What is it for? † In poising those questions, you are asking for an elucidation of the function that the machine serves. In many contexts, when we throw questions like â€Å"What is it? † what we ultimately are asking for is a version of what it does. As a theory of mind, functionalism is quite appealing. It is based in mathematical proof and provides a means of constructing analogies to guide our understanding of the mind. Ned Block (1980) classifies three senses of functionalism. The first is simple decompositional functionalism. ‘Functionalism’ in this way points to a research strategy that relies on the decomposition of a system into its components; the whole system is then explained in terms of these functional parts. Second, computation-representation functionalism is a unique case of decompositional functionalism which depends profoundly on the ‘computer-as-mind’ correlation. Psychological explanation under computation-representation functionalism is â€Å"akin to providing a computer program for the mind† (Block 1980, p. 171). So, these mental processes are viewed as being decomposable to a point where they can be conceived of as processes which are as simple as those of a digital computer. Last but not least, Block identifies metaphysical functionalism. This type of functionalism is a theory of mind that hypothesizes that mental states simply are efficient states. The metaphysical functionalist asserts that mental states are the forms of mental state they are because of the causal relations between inputs, outputs and other mental (i. e. functional) states of the system, as in the Turing machine. The physical realization of the set of functions which implement a mind are irrelevant to what makes something a mind – it’s the functional relations that count. Functionalism, briefly, is a theory which considers mental states to be causally related, both to behavior and to other mental states. The question of how a value can be added to a product keeps the manufacturers quite confused always. How its functions satisfy all the possible needs of all the customers from the product is a topic for research for the companies which emphasizes on the theory of functionalism. Things have been the principal topic of design discourse since the early nineteenth century. Debates developed around the integrity of materials, the refinements of form, and craft versus mass production, and the relation between form and function. To the degree that the discourse about things has dominated design thinking, insufficient attention has been paid to the relation things and experience of the users (Margolin 2002, p. 38). Every industrial product has some specific purposes. The design of the products must be conformed in the best possible way to the expectations that result from the function the product fulfills. It can be seen in the modern products that rigid functionalism of the past has been discredited. The range of people’s need is often greater than designers are eager, or something competent to accept. Whenever a product is designed a significant factor comes up and that is to omit the unimportant to carve out the important. The time is knocking on the door which compel us to discover our environment anew and return to the simple basic aspects, for example, to items that have unconstructed obvious-seeming functionalism in both the physical and the psychological sense. That’s why products should be well designed and as neutral and open as possible, leaving space for self-expression in using them (Rams 1989, p. 111). Good design can also be very little for various reasons. The design of a computer mouse also happened to be on the same line. This part of computer hardware connects to your computer to assist you manage cursor movement and pointing ability on the PC screen. A computer mouse makes navigation simple by allowing you to freely move your cursor around your screen. This allows you to perform functions of your computer with ease. Mouse is known for the ease they give point and click navigation. They are also identified for how good they work with all the different types of computers on the market today; the technology is so cross-system compatible that it become rare to see any problem when you decide to go from one type of mouse to another on your system. Computers are used by more and more people every day for use at home and at the office. Modern desktop computers offer users with user-input mechanisms that are well-matched for the applications that run on these computers. The use of a hand operated pointing device for use with a computer and its presentation has become almost universal. In computer science mouse is the jargon use to refer to a pointing device which usually slid along a flat surface to create x and y output signals as a result of said movement, the signals generally cause the cursor on the connected computer screen to move and allows the user to point to objects on the screen. A computer mouse is a handheld device that a user slides over a suitable surface causing the cursor on a computer screen to move in a direction determined by the motion of the device. The mouse is a hand-held device that functions on a flat surface which, in tandem with the necessary computer hardware and software, permits the user to manage movement of a cursor or pointer on the display. Computer mouse are often referred to as cursor positioning devices or cursor control devices, although mouse are used to perform many other functions, such as to open and drop documents, re-size and move windows, drag , menu items in a pull-down menu, select icons, text, launch applications and others. Computer mouse can be found in a various types of physical embodiments. Normally a mouse consist of a body that serves as a grip for the user’s hand and as a configuration for mounting a movement sensing system and two or more mouse buttons for the choice of computer functions. A computer mouse is ergonomically designed so that a user’s hand fits comfortably around the device. The computer mouse may be deemed as having a bottom surface which is in contact with a work surface such as a mouse pad when in use, and an upper surface which includes one or more pressure-sensitive switches for controlling computer operations when operated. Computer mouse are available with electro-mechanical, opto-mechanical, or optical movement sensing systems. Traditionally, a computer mouse is connected to a computer system by a cable for passing on signal/power there between. The bodily connection of the mouse to the host computer by the cable inopportunely limits free movement of the mouse and may result undesirable movement sometimes. Constant bending or twisting of the cable may effect further deterioration thereof so as to effect in detachment or inappropriate contact of connectors at reverse ends of the cable. Wireless computer mouse have been developed in the recent time to do away with the need for a cord, and to make it simpler for a user to move the mouse around without having to drag a cord. A cable less mouse that corresponds with a computer system through electromagnetic signals for data transmission solves the problem. The wireless computer mouse is commonly energized by battery and corresponds by means of infrared transmission or radio frequency transmission which possible the wireless operation. In general, proponents of various forms of functionalism make the claim that the physical realization of a given function is not, in some sense, its essence. Metaphysical functionalism identifies causal structures with mental states which are realizable by â€Å"a vast variety of physical systems† (Block 1980, p. 173). But once we have an implementable easiest function, there are no more queries as to what functions can be comprehended by that performance, dissimilarly in the case of a theoretical categorization. Put in different words, it is in no way clear that we have any reliable way of restraining the possible functions of a system without mention to an underlying physical mechanism which also applies in the case of Computer Mouse. A computer user manipulates a pointing device to change the position of a cursor or other object on a computer display, or to select objects on the display. The physical movement of the pointing device results in a similar movement of the cursor and/or object on the display. However no doubt, that the discoveries in the field of computing has changed our lives and effecting the discourse of history in many ways. Today the life has become so easy to lead with the help of these technological advancements and that has resulted from the extensive research in the field of functionalism. But the question remains that whether the idea of functionalism will be conquered by something else, whether a saturation period will strike in our life, or we will continue to witness the victory march of functionalism like this towards the path of future. Works Cited 1. Margolin, Victor. â€Å"The Experience of Products. † The Politics of the Artificial. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2002, pp-38-59 2. Rams, Dieter. â€Å"Omit the Unimportant. † Design Discourse, edited by Victor Margolin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989, pp-111-113 3. Block, N. â€Å"Introduction: what is functionalism? † Readings in philosophy of psychology. Ed. N. Block. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1980. 1: 171-184

Satire Essay Main Rules, Topics, Examples

Satire Essay Main Rules, Topics, Examples How To Write A Satire Essay This article will guide you on how to write a satire essay in detail and will explain what a satire essay is as well as show you some examples. The text uses satire to make you understand its main objective. Assignments on this topic are known to be the most challenging for most students. In these kinds of essays, students need to show their expertise in content and subject area. Similarly, they should use humor to point absurdities found in our real-life situations . Although satire essays are full of humor, there are those without or minimal instances of humor. Most of them are expressed in a serious tone which shows that readers should take them seriously. There are advantages of writing these kinds of essays more so to those individuals wishing to master the art of writing. Once you have learned how to infuse irony, humor, and hyperbole, you will discover them not only being fun but also easy to write. Learning your Task Its crucial for you to understand every aspect of your writing assignment. You should be in a position to point out the following: If your homework intends to satirize a given cultural topic The length of the essay Our formatting guide will help you select the right format to use while writing your assignment. You might be in a dilemma not knowing whether to write your paper in first, second or third person point of view. For those who have never read satire essays before, you should consider reading the work of Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal who is well known for these types of pieces. If you are wondering where to find them, then consider the site The Onion which usually deals with the topics in politics. While writing your assignment, incorporating satire enables you to write the essay in a first persons point of view. This makes you point out issues in the society especially those concerning society and culture. Using an example where this article points womens demeaning which is being explained by Trumps Hollywood tapes leaked information (Satire Essay, 2019). Meme proposing that female gender should not oppose what amen say suggest that they are annoyed by his utterances. This is clearly shown through the work of E.L. Jamess Fifty Shades of Gray showing a romantic relationship between female and male where the male is in total control and the woman is expected to submit to him. Topics of Satire Essay When writing a satire essay on any topics, its good to point out the significant events of culture and politics. The most common ideas you should consider while writing: Brexit Border Walls Hillary Clinton Mike Pence Donald Trump Barack Obama Tim Kaine Immigration reform A list of satirical topics is endless and if you are unsure of what to select contact our support team who are ready to help you any time. Brainstorming of Any Satirical Essay Any good essay writing process begins with brainstorming. Brainstorming is a useful tool for all essay writers that plays a significant role even in writing a satirical essay (Satire Essay, 2019). While there are familiar writing outlines employed in the initial stages of planning, there are other methods that work perfectly well when it comes to satire writing tasks. One of the tools that are commonly used and we like most is the use of a bubble map. A bubble map is a simple tool that would be used starting from elementary schools onwards. The tool associates words in line with your topic of interest. For instance, if you decide to write a bubble map for any prominent figure in the society say, Donald Trump, you will diversify and use words like businessman, father, married, adulterer, divorced, New York City, orange, billionaire, bombastic, real estate, and home alone. You can see from the above bubble map how those words bring out elements that are associated with Donald Trump. When it comes to descriptive essays on a dog, there would be some words in the middle like the name of that given dog (Satire Essay, 2019). When using the bubble map, you should be aware that the words you choose should not be your own words you decide to use while writing your essay. The words used should aid in exposing an issue and further directs on the ways of approaching it satirically. Thesis Statements in Satire Essays After deciding on the right topic, you should then come up with a good thesis statement for your essay. You may be wondering what a thesis statement is. Thesis Statement is merely a road map of your piece that is always one or two sentences. It helps your readers understand the primary objective of your essay. Regardless of your essay type, the structure of your thesis statement always remains the same except in satire essay where it differs slightly. In satire essays, it is different unlike situations when one is proposing a real idea. Below are some examples of Thesis Statements: To ensure the safety of your jewelry, you need to be conspicuous on it, ensure valuable jewelry is stored in a vault or deposit box that is safe, also, do not travel with excessive jewelry than (Author: Kim Kardashian-West) Having a successful marriage is extremely simple: you have to identify your second wife while married to your first wife and have more children with her before you get married. (Author: Brad Pitt) From the above examples, it is clear that the most satirical element in the essay is the individual writing it. Also, the target audience can be part of the satire. When Jimmy Carter wrote to Trump a letter informing him not to worry of offending women is satirical in a way since both Jimmy and Trump are respected figures in the United States of America.   The case of Bill Clinton is writing a letter to Barrack Obama to guide him on how to be a good husband while in the White House is Irony in itself. This is because Obama is well known for his excellence in family matters and he is perceived to be an excellent husband too. On the other hand, Bill had a lousy legacy as he had an affair outside marriage while in office. Finally, criticisms of Maddona of Lady Gaga of publicity or even Peter Rose Criticizing Tom utilize all aspects of double-satire. Resources for Satirical Essays A wide range of satirical essays is based on events happening in the current century. Though citing them directly may not be compulsory at the moment, it is essential for you to know the real facts and issues that are associated with a given situation (Satire Essay, 2019). It is even ironical for you to identify the satiric news sites. In this modern time, this would be much more difficult to notice concerning political context. To avoid all these troubles, you need to be careful while selecting your topic and ensure your sources are unbiased and academically reliable. It can be difficult finding a reliable source for your essay. To be sure you have the right sources, use the sources that are not more than three years old and from reputable publishers like newspapers, magazines, and .com and .org websites. However, you are free to use sources for more than three years old, but you should inform your readers of any change of information in the concerned period. Additionally, you might have been discouraged to use sources like Wikipedia, Britannica, and Encyclopedia while doing your writing assignments. The advice is good as these sources are not regarded as reliable sources in the scholarly world. However, do not allow the ban to prevent you from using the references (Satire Essay, 2019). They can give an excellent overview of your topic and give you resources you can research for further information.   Google scholar is another great search engine that gives you an opportunity to limit the kind of resources you want to look at. With the above search engine, you can find either academic or scholarly articles and would support you in finding the best academic and scholarly writing. Other generic sites like CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC are also good sources of information while writing satire essays. Also, you can make use of other local and major networks as they are good sources of news. The above news channels have programs that are not sources but are both social and political commentary. While using these shows, you need to be careful as they sometimes present information to the readers in a biased way or give unreliable information. As you write be aware of possible biased information especially when selecting your sources. Citing your Sources If you decide to incorporate all your resources in your satirical essay, you will have to cite all academic sources to back-up any claim you make on certain political styles. If your essay is based on actual dates, rare facts, and figures, you need to cite all your sources. In such cases, you will be directed on the formats to use, or you will have to decide on your own . The most commonly used academic citation styles for undergraduate students are the American Psychology Association (APA), modern language association (MLA), and Turabian or Chicago. Unless in your assignment there are clear instructions on the type of format to use, go for the writing style you understand best. Examples of Satire Essays As a student, its easy for you to digest a concept if you are given an example. Thus, our model will not only help you understand how you can write an amazing satirical essay but will also help you master how you can format your essays correctly. On our site, you will get an excellent satirical essay. Just fill in the order form. We hope that after reading our article on satire and using our provided examples, you will be more confident than before to confront any satire essay throughout your academic journey. Even after reading our article and examples you might still encounter challenges right from topic selection to completing your essay . Remember we are here for you. We have a complete team of tutors ready to help you in any challenge you encounter in your writing process from topic selection to writing a flawless piece. To get more insight, go to our website.

Free Essays on Security Concerns

Security Concerns For E-Topia Online Gaming Center Executive Summary One of the main concerns for online gaming centers around the world is security from both internal users and outside hackers. There is no way to create a totally secure environment without restricting bandwidth and or computing power. E-Topia needs a network configuration which will provide better security for its computers and customers. The current configuration provides adequate internet access, but is wide open to hackers and viruses. With better security for our internal network, our IT staff will spend less man hours troubleshooting and fixing computers. Currently, the average repair time of one of our computers is four hours. Since there are about 40 computers with four different types in various areas of the building, we average about one to two computers which need to be fixed per day. By increasing security, we will not have these problems. And any potential problems will not take as long to repair. Since most of our customers play online games, each computer needs to be running as fast as they possibly can. Also each computer can potentially be a server and needs only to have open access to the Internet. Any firewall that is installed will need to allow for just about any application in use today. By implementing a Windows 2003 Server and Windows XP client environment, we can control what each client computer can do from over the network. We will also install Symantec AntiVirus Enterprise Edition on the server and the Corporate Edition on the client computers. A firewall or network address translation will not be used. When computers will eventually need to be formatted and reinstalled, the server will be able to deploy Windows XP and all other necessary software. This will eliminate the amount of time the technician needs to spend at the computer. The server will also be configured to automatically deploy Wind... Free Essays on Security Concerns Free Essays on Security Concerns Security Concerns For E-Topia Online Gaming Center Executive Summary One of the main concerns for online gaming centers around the world is security from both internal users and outside hackers. There is no way to create a totally secure environment without restricting bandwidth and or computing power. E-Topia needs a network configuration which will provide better security for its computers and customers. The current configuration provides adequate internet access, but is wide open to hackers and viruses. With better security for our internal network, our IT staff will spend less man hours troubleshooting and fixing computers. Currently, the average repair time of one of our computers is four hours. Since there are about 40 computers with four different types in various areas of the building, we average about one to two computers which need to be fixed per day. By increasing security, we will not have these problems. And any potential problems will not take as long to repair. Since most of our customers play online games, each computer needs to be running as fast as they possibly can. Also each computer can potentially be a server and needs only to have open access to the Internet. Any firewall that is installed will need to allow for just about any application in use today. By implementing a Windows 2003 Server and Windows XP client environment, we can control what each client computer can do from over the network. We will also install Symantec AntiVirus Enterprise Edition on the server and the Corporate Edition on the client computers. A firewall or network address translation will not be used. When computers will eventually need to be formatted and reinstalled, the server will be able to deploy Windows XP and all other necessary software. This will eliminate the amount of time the technician needs to spend at the computer. The server will also be configured to automatically deploy Wind...

The Best IB Biology Textbooks, Reviewed

The Best IB Biology Textbooks, Reviewed SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips To achieve success in your IB Biology SL/HL class and on the exam, you need to find the best textbook for your learning style. In this article, I have collected and reviewed a list of the most recent IB Biology Textbooks (2013 or newer), as I don't recommend you studying with any older books, as they may be out of date. Who Is This Article For? This article is for IB Biology students who are serious about success in the classroom and on the IB Biology SL/HL papers. If you only plan on using the textbook for 5 hours of studying, the choice of book becomes less important. However, if you plan to use the textbook throughout the school year for study help as well as while preparing for the IB Biology exam, you should choose carefully. In this guide, I’ve divided the books into specific categories to help you make a knowledgeable choice. The Best IB Biology Textbooks We’re going to divide this into a few categories: Best Overall Textbook: A must have book as a part of your learning process, no matter your skill level or weaknesses. Best Textbook for Average Students:This book provides more in-depth explanations for those who need a little more assistance and struggled to understand the material when it was taught in class. Best Textbook for High Achieving Students:This book has the material to push the high achievers over the top by focusing on how to apply what you have learned in class to the exam, without repeating the details that you have already mastered. Textbook to Avoid:This book lacks certain material you need to succeed in class and on the exam. Best Overall Textbook This textbook is a must have as a part of your learning process, no matter your skill level or weaknesses. IB Biology Course Book: 2014 Edition: Oxford IB Diploma Program Price on Amazon: New $58.90, Used $37.18 Description: This is the go-to IB Biology textbook. Andrew Allott and David Mindorff are the only authors to work directly with the IBO to create their textbook, which means they truly understand what the IBO wants you to understand and what the IBO will ask you on the exam. They're also able to give you the most realistic practice problems that resemble the actual IB Biology papers.This textbook contains: detailed explanations on each topic in the SL/HL syllabus practice problems for each topic Pros: developed directly with the IB high-quality in-depth explanations realistic sample IB Biology questions organized logically, with practice integrated throughout inexpensive compared to other new textbooks Cons: this book does not give clear guidance on how best to customize its content for your needs doesn't contain study strategies or test strategies Best Textbook for Average Students This book provides more in-depth explanations for those who need a little more assistance and struggled to understand the material when it was taught in class. Biology for the IB Diploma Price on Amazon: New $83, Used $5 Description: This is textbook is the best for average students because it is the most detailed of all of the IB Biology textbooks, making use of annotated diagrams and pictures to explain complex processes. This book follows the IB Biology Syllabus: chapters are presented in syllabus order. Both Standard Level and Higher Level topics are covered, with Higher Level only topics clearly marked. The text is written in easy to understand language with all key IB Biology terms simply defined, and exam questions integrated throughout. Pros: high-quality in-depth explanations great for visual learners since it makes extensive use of visuals organized according to the syllabus with IB exam questions integrated. very inexpensive to buy used compared to the other textbooks. Cons: doesn't contain test strategies or study strategies may be too detailed/feel redundant for high achieving students who have mastered the basics. Best Textbook for High Achieving Students This book has the material to push the high achievers over the top by focusing on how to apply what you have learned in class to the exam, without repeating the details that you have already mastered. HL Biology 2nd edition bookand SL Biology 2nd edition book Price for SL Textbook on Amazon: New $105, Used $34 Price for HL Textbook on Amazon: New $136, Used $50 Description: These textbooks are the most focused on IB exam success. Throughout the textbooks, IB Biology exam questions are provided from real past papers, along with advice for test success and on how to avoid common mistakes. These textbooks follow the organization of the newest IB Biology Syllabus and provide explanations using real-world examples as well as pictures. The accompanying eBook provides additional support with videos, animations, solved problems, and more. Pros: many realistic IB Biology exam practice questions, integrated with each chapter. in-depth online support with additional simulations, videos, and problems explained. provides test strategies Cons: may not be in-depth enough for some students, since the explanations expect you have some knowledge. Higher Level and Standard Level are separated into 2 books, so if you decide to switch into Higher Level late (after taking a year of IB Biology, which many schools allow), you would have to purchase another book. relatively expensive compared to the other textbooks. Textbook to Avoid This book lacks certain material you need to succeed in class and on the exam. Biology for the IB Diploma Coursebook Price on Amazon:New $61, Used $41 Description: This edition of the IB Biology Coursebook from Cambridge Press was developed using the newest IB Biology syllabus. It covers all of the core topics of the syllabus including some practice questions. However, it does not cover any of the options (Both IB Biology SL and HL have core topics your teacher must cover as well as 2 additional topics - known as the options - because your teacher gets to choose from 4 options - for a more in-depth explanation of the options, read our other article The Complete IB Biology Syllabus: SL and HL). The core topics are tested on Paper 1 and 2 of the IB Biology SL/HL Exam, and the options are tested on Paper 3. Pros: developed using the IB Biology syllabus focused review of IB Biology core topics including some practice questions. inexpensive compared to other new textbooks Cons: missing review of the options, which count for ⅓ of the IB Biology exam. This textbook is too expensive to spend money on when it is missing ⅓ of the material needed to succeed on the IB Biology exam. Other Free and Paid Study Resources Find other free IB Biology study resources in our other articles The Best IB Biology Study Guide and Notes for SL/HL and Where to Find IB Biology Past Papers - Free and Official.Also, check out our other article on The Best IB Biology Books, Reviewed to find additional paid study guides for IB Biology SL/HL. What’s Next? Trying to figure out what extracurricular you should do? Learn more about participating in Science Olympiad, starting a club, doing volunteer work, andjoining Student Government. Studying for the SAT? Check out our complete guide to the SAT.Taking the SAT in the next month? Check out our guide to cramming. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school.Also, figure out your target SAT score or target ACT score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

MacGruber ( comedy film 2010 ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MacGruber ( comedy film 2010 ) - Essay Example Such acts made him appear as an idiot hero, who made audience laugh at him ironically (Alter 2010). The theme of the movie revolves around the character of MacGruber, who made life-saving inventions with the help of household materials. Throughout the entire story, he kept on getting in and out of extremely sticky conditions, but he managed to handle those situations with his crazy mind tricks (Taccone 2010). Although MacGruber was a hero and the main character of the story, but every other character of the movie was explicitly called â€Å"idiot† by him for his stupid acts. This has been the main problem of the story because its settings and designed actions failed to make up audiences’ mind about his own comedy action hero (Alter 2010). Therefore, it could be concluded that the director and writer both have intended to present a good comedy movie, but the below average performance and designed actions of the hero have diverted attention of audience from the original theme to his stupid

Unit 7 Seminar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Unit 7 Seminar - Research Paper Example This is very necessary for the recovery period of the client since most of this time, the client will be, mostly with the mother or the family. When the client is a minor below 12 year old, it is necessary that their problems are shared with their parents even without their consent. This is very necessary as to ensure proper care by the family is accorded to the minor as they undergo their recovery period. However, when the minor is 16 hears and above, the decision to inform the mother can be weighed (Guttmacher, 2014). If the minor seem to be a responsible one, the steps to care for them can be aligned to the mother or the family members, but most confidential information can be kept by the service provider. This is because the minor seem mature enough and responsible to care for themselves. However, in any case the service provider feels it deem to let the mother of the client know, caution should be taken for the mother not to overreact or do anything that will let the client know that they were told a thing by the service provider (Susan, 2001). To the client, they must know that, in case of any problem, family always come first. Therefore, it would be so helpful to find a family that is so understanding to deal with any situation. However, the family members can only be that understanding and cooperative once they know the reason why they have to behave in such a way towards the client. If the family members decide to help the client, they can do this best by giving all the unconditional love, respect, care, and support in any way possible. The family members can give hope and encouragement to the clients by giving them inspirational talks and living examples with similar situations like

Audubon zoo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Audubon zoo - Essay Example Park personnel need new challenges and the zoo needs to be constantly improved to prevent falling into a pattern that could lead to a decline. The recent political decision to give control to the City of New Orleans offers an opportunity for reorganization towards a more learning organization which would be flexible enough to make future adjustments as needed. The organization is actually getting too large not to be flexible. Currently, the Audubon Park Zoo operates within the revenues it generates, which is actually a plus, since most such projects require more public support. Financial data is found on the graph below. A questionable suggestion to lease the concessions to third party vendors needs to be examined. The concessions operated at a tiny fraction of current volume before the Friends of the Zoo took it over. While the fact that the labor is volunteer may account for some of the profit, giving up control is probably not advisable. Financially, the zoo is doing well, but it any improvements or expansions are done the funding needs to be developed. New projects are needed in order to maintain momentum. Anything that does not move forward stagnates. The vertically hierarchical structure has worked for the park until now, but the park has grown and will continue to grow, and large organizations which stick strictly to this kind of structure sacrifice flexibility for a sense of stability due to the efficient nature of this organizational structure. In the beginning of a company or during the time when it is being revamped, efficiency is of prime importance. However, as an organization matures, it must become a â€Å"learning organization† so that it can make changes as needed in response to changes in the marketplace. Becoming a learning organization is essential to the bottom line, as Hanvanich et al proved in their study. â€Å"Specifically, under low environmental turbulence, learning orientation and organizational memory

The Net Present Value (NPV) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Net Present Value (NPV) - Assignment Example Therefore, discounting gives us the present value of money that is consequently useful in determining the net present value of any given project. d) Approximately 25% discount rate gives a zero NPV. This rate is the Internal Rate of Return and rates below this give a positive NPV hence showing the viability of a project. On the other hand, rates above 25% give a negative NPV and such projects should not be undertaken. This model could be extended by adding the effect of the energy bill on an individual’s disposable income. The higher the bill, the higher the cost implications on the individual’s net disposable income. A Decision Support System (DSS) is a computer-based information system that is used in organisations to assist in making decisions. A DSS is an interactive computerized system that supports the decision-making activities of decision makers using technology, documents, data and knowledge to complete their tasks. The 2012 London Olympics involved a lot of logistical arrangements that the organisers had to consider in order for the games to be a success. One aspect of the games that had to be carefully planned out was transport. Given the number of people that flocked the country and the city of London in particular, the transport infrastructure had to be well laid out so that there was order in the city. The road network, public transport and the effects of disrupting transport for businesses and other services had to be of particular interest to the organisers of the games. Additional or new resources have to be deployed in the areas related to incident detection and also the DSS for network managers. The transport legacy after the games should be of three types. First and foremost is the physical infrastructure that would be made to enhance the rail and road networks and vehicle fleets. There are also the enhancements to the operations and systems by designing and deploying state of the art techniques in order to detect

Shannon made a large impact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shannon made a large impact - Assignment Example As mentioned earlier, Shannon’s paper ‘Cryptography: A Mathematical Theory’ was meant for use by a limited number of people. This classification was due because the theory as proposed by Shannon could be used by opposing forces to decode encrypted messages both from the American troops during wartime. Furthermore, it was essential to keep the content of the paper confidential to protect the technology from access by unauthorized people both within the country and in other countries, especially the Germans (Shannon, p 4). The importance of ensuring secrecy remains evident in his writings, where he focused on exploring the possibility of realizing perfect secrecy. ‘It is shown that perfect secrecy is possible but requires, if the number of messages is finite, the same number of possible keys†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Shannon, p. 5). Later, Shannon would ensure that the enemy could not decode encrypted information between the British Prime Minister and the US President at the

Jackson Pollocks and Yunhee Tohs Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jackson Pollocks and Yunhee Tohs Painting - Essay Example One of the most striking similarities between Pollock and YunheeToh in their paintings is that both of these artists took a divergent painting approach as compared to the common painting methods. Toh abandoned the materials that are usually used in painting, which were pencils and brushes and used her hands in creating this painting. Toh used her hands in an attempt to create artistic expressions that were accurate and direct. She opted to use her hands on this painting because she felt that graphite drawings were more time consuming and did not bring out the art form that she desired. Pollock on the other hand, was a liquid painter who later used paint pouring as an emerging technique on his canvases, which became his signature ‘drip’ technique. In this painting, Pollock paved the way for what was later to become the action painting term where the artist deviated from painting on a mounted canvas to working on it on the studio floor. The similarity between these two pai ntings is that the creation of both of them happened from new dimensions as these artists challenged the Western tradition of using the painting brush and easel. Pollock was an extremist, especially because he went against the conventional painting techniques meaning that he was not afraid to explore. The One: Number 31, 1950 is a unique painting as Pollock did not make his painting brush to interact with the canvas through the strokes being able to create the elements of art. Additionally, Pollock’s painting was quite extreme.

Shannon made a large impact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shannon made a large impact - Assignment Example As mentioned earlier, Shannon’s paper ‘Cryptography: A Mathematical Theory’ was meant for use by a limited number of people. This classification was due because the theory as proposed by Shannon could be used by opposing forces to decode encrypted messages both from the American troops during wartime. Furthermore, it was essential to keep the content of the paper confidential to protect the technology from access by unauthorized people both within the country and in other countries, especially the Germans (Shannon, p 4). The importance of ensuring secrecy remains evident in his writings, where he focused on exploring the possibility of realizing perfect secrecy. ‘It is shown that perfect secrecy is possible but requires, if the number of messages is finite, the same number of possible keys†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Shannon, p. 5). Later, Shannon would ensure that the enemy could not decode encrypted information between the British Prime Minister and the US President at the

P&G Advertising Strategy Essay Example for Free

PG Advertising Strategy Essay For marketing students at IIM Ahmedabad, 9th of January, 2011, is anything but a typical Sunday. They have resisted the temptation to join their batchmates in a lazy basketball game and appear oblivious to the cheerful riotous frenzy of the kite festival on the banks of the Sabarmati. Instead they have been pitted against each other all morning in a brand exercise organised and masterminded by PG. The prize? A dinner date for the teams with a man responsible for running the marketing function of one of the most powerful FMCG companies on the planet, Marc Pritchard , global marketing and brand building officer, PG. However, even students who do not make the cut get a chance to experience Pritchard firsthand when he addresses a respectably packed hall that evening. Soon after he’s done, the questions fly thick and fast. These include some potentially embarrassing posers. How does PG feel, one student wants to know, about its campaigns being ambushed by its archrival HUL? Few people have forgotten the teaser campaign about a mystery shampoo last year (that was revealed to be PG’s Pantene) being hijacked by Dove from the HUL stable. Pritchard opts to take the high road on this one: â€Å"We can’t prevent any competitor from ambush (surprise attack). But if you focus on the consumer, what your brand is doing to serve the consumer and if you have a big idea, you will win most of the time. † And that’s a running theme through pretty much everything that Pritchard has to say. Whether he’s addressing students at IIM-A, the media or an audience at the Cannes Lions Festival, he’s a tireless champion of brands serving consumers or â€Å"purpose driven branding. † PG spent most of the 1990s establishing a global footprint. Now, according to Pritchard, it finally has the chance to live up to its purpose. The first step was getting senior management to define a purpose for each of the brands in the PG stable: a blueprint on how the company could touch and improve lives. Pritchard explains, â€Å"We still have a core benefit but are thinking more broadly on how we can deliver it. We are very focussed on sharpening what the brands stand for, identifying human insights that can translate into big ideas. † Bold Gamble However those prepared for a lofty chronicle of CSR and corporate do-gooding are likely to step back, a little disappointed. Pritchard’s showreel of purpose driven work from PG includes pretty much every big campaign the FMCG has come up with recently. This includes the highly awarded work on Old Spice with its cocky ‘The man your man could smell like’ tagline. Pritchard says, â€Å"Purpose is much more than a cause or a corporate responsibility. We deliberately focused on making people define purpose as how brands improve everyday lives. A cause is just a piece of it as opposed to the whole thing. † This helps take purpose out of an ivory tower. It’s no longer something that resonates only with consumers in developed markets, fed up with hard sell, looking for corporates to do something more. Instead it could even be used as an effective go to market strategy. Which is pretty much the case with Pampers. Pritchard defines the brand’s purpose as â€Å"to improve a baby’s healthy, happy development. Its benefit is dryness and comfort that allows babies to sleep, play and explore more. When they do that, they develop better. By the way, it’s also making their mom’s lives a lot better if they sleep through the night. † To bring this purpose to life, PG sends pediatricians to villages with tips on how to help the baby sleep and advice on immunization, besides using this interface as a sampling opportunity. The one pack = one vaccine program run in association with the UNICEF is tied into this larger purpose too. â€Å"It helps bring the community of moms together since they like to help other moms,† says Pritchard. Even ‘Women Against Lazy Stubble’ for Gillette, a homegrown campaign, has something larger driving it. Purpose takes on a more meaningful role in developing markets,† he explains. The vans that propagate the program give young men tips on shaving, how to dress, handle an interview and talk to women. Purpose coincides well with PG making a concerted push into non-city markets not just in India but in other countries like Brazil and China that have a yawning urban-rural divide. PG is focusing on stores because it’s the first moment of truth for the rural consumer. Pritchard says, â€Å"We market back from there to create awareness to get them to that point. † There are approximately 7 million high frequency shops in India and PG has covered 4 million of these so far. A fair amount of product and package development is being done to cater to this segment. Using the store as the starting point also helps make the entire process less sporadic. Pritchard states, â€Å"It means you are always on. We have consolidated the number of distributors into a core highly capable, powerful group. We give them the material, knowledge and know how on display. † India is in some ways at the vanguard of PG’s rural drive. One of the things pioneered in India was generating more household trial. Pritchard admits, â€Å"It was Sumeet Vohra (chief marketing officer – Asia, PG) who created this machine to identify what it was going to take to get these products in the households, as well as the tools to measure performance. Much of what we learnt in India has been exported to other markets like Africa for example. † The recent acquisition of Paras by Reckitt Benckiser proves that multinational giants look to India for a lot more than its large consumer base. Pritchard gives a diplomatic answer when asked if there are any local heroes that he’s got an eye on. But PG invariably unearths little jewels with every acquisition, he says. Like Koleston which was not very big globally but strong in Latin America, particularly in Brazil, around the time Wella was acquired. PG took the brand to Mexico, Europe and are now launching in India. Pritchard goes further back for his next example: Richardson Vicks in 1985 had a very tiny brand called Pantene that accounted for $70 million in sales. He says, â€Å"We put the new technology in, and launched it in Taiwan and came up with Pantene Pro V. Now it is over a $3 billion brand. † To be chosen for the big push, the brand needs equity and it helps to have some sort of a story. Like Max Factor’s SK2 which was made with Pitera, a yeast extract used by monks in Japan which kept their skin in a better condition. â€Å"We built from that story, tested it in different markets and now it’s more than half a billion dollars and growing like crazy,† says Pritchard. In a classical FMCG battle, market observers may be tempted to brand PG as a pacifist, with hardly any aggressive countermoves towards competition. But, combining brand awareness with social programmes, driving its brands further into the hinterland and acquiring a knack of creating billion dollar brands, Pritchard knows that the company is pushing the right levers.

Education Essays Public Schools Education

Education Essays Public Schools Education Public Schools Education Abstract Public schools have always been a milestone of the social history of the United States. Despite arguments against them, many education researchers believe they still have an important place in the education process. Schools supervisors play an important role in education with a potential to extend their role in evaluation as needed in education reform. The aim of this essay is to provide a brief yet a comprehensive review on the arguments on public education, school supervision, and evaluation of education and school supervisors. Supervising and public schools Public education is a milestone in the US social history. The society is multicultural and ethnically diverse thus; public schools were an endeavor to create a consistent society, starting by young people, through providing a common prospectus coming up from the newly rising Anglo-American culture. The people of the US live a long dated democratic political tradition; therefore, they look at education as a key feature to the principle of equal opportunity. In addition, because of the capitalist economy is one with high competition, education becomes essential to success. Most Americans translate the phrase public education as run by elected civil authorities, and supported by taxpayers so these schools should provide free education. However, schools, by this definition, did not exist in colonial America. Thus, the roots of public education may have come from British Grammar schools, missionary (Spanish) schools in Mexico and Latin America, and possibly the underground secret (clandestine) schools of black slaves. Public education systems reflect the societys preconceptions, economic and political conflicts, and social ranking. Therefore, second to national defense, no government-provided service attracted the attention of the public in the US as education does (Encyclopedia of American Social History, 1993). Arguments on public education West (1994) looked at the history of public (government financed) education in both UK and the U.S, and came out with statements that disapprove the common notion the state should be the major supervisor and support to education. West (1994) showed that percentage of government spending on school education in UK was almost the same before and after schooling laws in 1830. The author inferred that measuring the educational output by the ability to read and write shows no large effect of government involvement. In addition, West (1994), claimed the ultimate development of the public education system was essentially the outcome of the endeavors of individuals managing it, motivated by self-interest. Thus, the result was to substitute, not to support and reinforce the earlier private education system. Young and Block (1999), summarized the arguments in favor of public education, they suggested four categories. The first argument for public education is the assertion that it produces large positive outcome irrespective of cost (economic argument). In other words, by public education rising generations benefit the society as a whole. Therefore, it is logic for the society to share in how to educate, disburse the cost of education, and does not pass on the process completely to private enterprises. In addition, increased economic productivity of educated people reflects on the productivity of the society. A second channel is that public education ensures the moral ideas, concepts, and beliefs the system needs to put in our children. This may not have a direct economic impact but its effect on crime rates, drug abuse and youth culture is evident if proper guidance and coaching are available. Second argument is that public education is necessary because parents may not be adequately educated to choose suitable schooling for their children (education argument). However, whether this argument is an advantage to the public system teaching the youth what the public body wants rather that what they or their parents want, remains open to discussion. This argument explains at most one generation of public education, after that this generation should be able to choose an education for their children. Third, the substantial resources of the government are what can provide proper investment in human capital. In addition, even if most parents can afford educating their children, however, the young generation cannot afford to pay education costs for themselves. A strong argument against a total private system of education (democratic argument) is it endorses and spreads inequality. Children coming from rich backgrounds should not superior education, and added chance of success, irrespective of their skills and abilities. The fact that family environment is a significant forecaster of school performance, increases the effect of this argument. The basic fact remains, since education is important for the public, public education should be available (Young and Block, 1999). School Supervision The rationale (philosophy) of school supervision: The basic objective for education is to provide an environment where all students can learn and eventually become successful and productive members of society.  There are six concepts to succeed as a leader of a school and be able to put this philosophy into action: vision, culture, management, community, ethics, and politics.   The choices to lead (supervise or coach) are the teacher’s response of vision of the education philosophy and aim, practical theories and are affected at the same time by the teachers personality and response to certain situations. Keeping this vision ensures that successful leadership leads to students achievements (Sergiovanni, 2006). Teachers should try to create a tailored plan for all students to ensure that meets everyone’s needs.   The classroom teacher’s must oversee this plan by frequent assessments.   These assessments will guide instructing the students to ensure making that progress for all students.   A supervisor must provide training for teachers, so they meet the eventual goal.   (Nanus, 1992). The culture of the school as a learning community depends on two essential understandings; first, the school is a place where all staff personnel are committed to the success of the school. Second, a learning community is one that accepts others and their differences, and is a community that establishes an environment of good morals as caring and mutual respect.   Developing a school culture is a necessity to develop a learning community. In this respect, supervisors represent the model behavior that sets the school culture (Rooney, 2005). The school community is not only the people within the school, it is the community outside the school related to and mixed up with the school students (as family and community businesses). Thus, the school leader must understand the needs of the community where the school is (Epstein, 1995). In managing resources, the school leadership must guarantee that all school sections receive satisfactory awareness.   A school leader must have a clear vision for student accomplishment and learning curve.   Teachers and support staff dealing with students must have a matching vision, as they are members of the school team. School ethics relates mainly to shared and common caring, respect and decency. The school leader must be an ethical role model for those in the school, and must display the spirit of standard morals and professional standards at all times.   The leader must be an example to respect, even-handedness, reliance, and integrity in all decisions.   This will promote the highest morals and ethics throughout the school personnel and gain parent’s trust (Sergiovanni, 2006). Supervisors and Education reform: In education reform, educational supervisors need to add concepts of coaching to the scope of their mission to be able to readjust the notion of educational supervisor. There is no clear definition to educational coaching, yet the term implies teaching, supervising, building, and following up the learning and skill development curve of students. This sounds similar in many ways to supervision, it is true there are connections between ideas and procedures of both terms. Van Kessel (2007) was more direct in describing the mainstay qualities of coaching. As described by Van Kessel (2007), coaching represents individualized, mutual effort, spotlights students’ progress, and focuses on results. Its center of attention is on developing solutions and not only on analyzing problems. It looks at objectives development and goal establishment in cooperation among the coach, teachers and students. It needs building up a methodical goal-directed process to advance goal achievement. Further, the coach should motivate student responsiveness to support learning and development. Finally, coaching focuses at stimulating self-directed and self-reflective learning, and at developing self-regulated progress to back unremitting change (van Kessel, 2007, English translation). Evaluation of education and school supervisors Formative-Summative evaluation: Defining formative assessment points to the assumptions and actions educators can take based on the results of an assessment; in other words, it is progression of plans and practices following an appraisal. Integrating the perception of formative assessment in education occurred over 35 years ago into the practice of education. In procedural terms, it means that students do not advance to the forecoming learning objective unless they pass an assessment in the present one. Finishing a specific learning unit, the teacher initiates an exercise based on a standardized teaching method. The teacher conducts an assessment for that unit, based on the students’ results; the teacher then classifies students into those who have mastered the unit and those who are not. For the unsuccessful group, the teacher employs diagnostic information collected from the assessment to apply corrective action usually in the form of directions to support the student’s weaknesses in understanding the subjects of the test. Thus, an essential point of formative assessment concept is that its main objective is to heighten students’ teaching (William, 2006). Formative assessment may take many forms (verbal, writing, small or focus group†¦) depending on the aims of evaluation and the students skills teaching aimed to develop (William, 2006). Summative evaluation, on the other hand, is a product (education) evaluation (Jeffs and Smith, 2005). It aims at evaluating the outcome and efficiency of an initiative, a process or a project (as education). Thus, it emphasizes on the aims and consequences of education. It seeks to clarify if a process working in a certain place can work in another place with the same conditions. In simple words, Summative evaluation is a way to decide the value of an education program at the end its activities. Thorough complete (comprehensive) testing or widespread all-inclusive (full-field) studies are the common methods of performing summative assessment. Its main use is to collect data on the effect of a running program in society for sometime (Jeffs and Smith, 2005). Role of supervisors as it relates to evaluation School supervisors perform three interlinking roles, they are control and assessment, providing support and offer guidance, and take the part of liaison (connection) officer between the higher education authorities and the school. The control function relates closely to inspection, and covers educational and administrative domains. This control function relates to evaluation of teachers and assisting staff. Support and guidance functions whether to teachers or student need knowledge of evaluation both formative and summative. Connecting schools with higher educational authorities is a form of upright liaison function; however, supervisors can also play a parallel horizontal liaison role spreading ideas and creating a school learning environment among the staff and students. There is an increasing awareness’ that supervisors role should extend to system evaluation because there is a need to education reform and increasing the quality function of the available schools (International Institute of Educational Planning (UNESCO), 2007) Conclusion My idea of a school supervisor entails belief, hope, and engagement in students’ interests. My belief is teacher supervision is more like coaching a team coming up with reliable and genuine ideas that can be signs of devotion and real hard work of teachers. I also believe in the important role public schools play in the society and that education reform should start within the school environment first. My hope is to be able to achieve the high expectations of a school supervisor in advancing students’ learning, share positively in teaching planning and processes, and fulfill my responsibilities in creating a caring and respectable learning environment. I can assess the students’ interests and needs as well as assess the quality of school supervision through performing continuous evaluation. I will also be able to recognize where I can improve the teachers performance and to prove professional endeavors that will help improving the process of public education. I will have my share in backing the commitments to the state law and policies of board of education as well as the district education guidelines documents. References Encyclopedia of American Social History (Volume 3) (1993). The American Religious Experience. Retrieved 10/06/2008, from Epstein, J. (1995). School/family/community partnerships: caring for the children we share. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(9), 701-712. International Institute of Educational Planning (UNESCO). (2007). Reforming school supervision for quality improvement: Module 2: Roles and functions of supervisors. Paris: IIIEP/UNESCO. Jeffs, T. and Smith, M. K. (2005). Informal Education. Conversation, democracy and learning (3rd edition). Nottingham: Educational Heretics Press. Nanus, B. (1992). Visionary leadership: creating a compelling sense of direction for your organization. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley Sons Inc. Rooney, J. (2005). School culture: an invisible essential. Educational Leadership, 62(5), 86. Sergiovanni, T. (2006). The principalship: a reflective practice perspective (5th edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Van Kessel, L. (2007). Coaching, a field for professional supervisors. Ljetopis socijalnog rada, 14(2), 387-432. West, E G (1994). Education and the state. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund Inc. William, D. (2006). Formative assessment: Getting the focus right. Educational Assessment, 11(34), 283-289. Young, A and Block, W. (1999). Enterprising Education: Doing Away with the Public School System. International Journal of Value-Based Management, 12, 195-207.

Dangerous Secrets Exposed in Susan Griffins Our Secret Essay -- Susan

Dangerous Secrets Exposed in Griffin's Our Secret    Secrets are apart of every human being. Even children, in their earliest years in this world, learn how to bury secrets in their hearts. In Susan Griffin's "Our Secret," she explores the subconscious, aiming particularly at the dark secrets that lie in the abyss of the human heart. Griffin claims that the darkest secrets of each person are similar in the sense that these secrets are perverted and prejudiced thoughts. These concealed evils are so deeply imbedded that people forget or choose to forget the existence of these malicious thoughts. However, these are often the thoughts that will encourage a person to take to violence. Griffin believes that people share similar forms of hidden desires, biases, and savageness. The effects of keeping these evil human characteristics deeply buried also have similar effects on the different individuals. Even the way of countering the negative effects caused by these locked up secrets are common among the "family" and the "statesman and bombers." 1 Although each person has an element of individuality, people are not all that different from one another in their basic desires. Everyone is a product of the "DNA molecule," and everyone has been a "fertilized egg" (Our Secret 363, 365). There are numerous traits shared by everyone, and one of which is people's capacity to have and hide their perverted thoughts. Everyone is capable of having depraved thoughts, and these thoughts are not so different from one person to another. Griffin's grandfather keeps "a stack of magazines" of "women or girls uncovered in ditches, hacked to pieces or other wise mutilated" that he does not allow Griffin to look at (335). These magazines indicate that Gr... ...o realized too late. Like Griffin says, "family secrets mingle with the secrets of statesman and bomber" in the sense that the secrets may vary among individuals in context, but many different secrets share the same effect on people. These secrets and desires that people keep inside are dangerous sources of violence and malice, and there is virtually no way to be rid of these hidden evils. People may often be provoked to hurt, and these are the times when people need to look into their anger and see the pain that they can cause by releasing their rage physically. This is perhaps the only way to stop violence in a person, whether he is just a simple man, the president, or an emperor. Works Cited: Griffin, Susan. â€Å"Our Secret†. Ways of Reading Eds. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Sixth edition. Boston. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002.

Alcohol and Teens: The Effects of Teenage Drinking Essay -- Essays on

When at a party, a student sees another teenager drinking a beer. Thinking nothing of it, the teenager picks up a large bottle labeled Vodka and beings to chug the contents of the bottle. The alcohol rushes through her body and she suddenly has a sense of feeling free and letting loose. The next thing the teenage girl remembers is waking up in a hospital bed to her mother crying by her bed side. The only thing her mom could say was â€Å"Honey, please wake up. Please be okay, I want you to be okay. Please do not ever make this mistake again. Please, Please.† The night before, her child drank an entire 750mL bottle of 80-proof Vodka then decided to drive home from the party. On her trip home, she had driven off the shoulder of the road, into a tree where she was lunged from her vehicle. She almost died that night, but she did not. Alcohol abuse leads to consequences that affect the body of teenagers, pose legal troubles, and can kill. According to How Stuff Works, â€Å"alcohol can be made through three different processes: fermentation and distillation, chemical modifications of fossil fuels, and the chemical combination of hydrogen with carbon monoxide† (How Stuff Works). The alcohol most commonly drank by individuals is made through the processes of fermentation, or the process of metabolizing of a sugar into an alcohol or acid, and distillation, or the process of purifying â€Å"mash† into the essential alcohol. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classifies a standard drink as â€Å"any drink containing 0.6 ounces of pure alcohol† (CDC). The amounts of a standard a standard drink can measure to twelve ounces of beer or wine coolers, eight ounces of malt liquors, five ounces of wine, or one and a half ou... ...ts-Alcohol Use And Health - Alcohol." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2014. "CDC - Fact Sheets-Minimum Legal Drinking Age - Alcohol." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. "Frequently Asked Questions and Facts." NCADD. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. "Frequently Asked Questions." Too Smart To Start. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. "HowStuffWorks "How Alcohol Works"." HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2014. "Louisiana Law - Alcohol." Centenary College of Louisiana. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2014. "Minimum Age Limits Worldwide." International Center for Alcohol Policies. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2014. Myers, Peter L, and Richard Isralowitz. Alcohol. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood, 2011. Print. "Underage drinking: Talking to your teen about alcohol." CNN. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2014.

It is right that students should contribute to the cost of their degrees? Essay

The level of education demonstrates how strong a nation is constructed. It represents one of the most important factors which contribute at the process of the development of people from an intellectual and social point of view. More and more students have the opportunity to obtain a degree and to have an appropriate career. In many countries the cost of their degrees are funded by the state, this increasing the number of applicants each year. However, there is not a matter of number, but a matter of quality this being the principal account why students should contribute at the cost of their degrees. The governments should be aware that the effectiveness of education is measured after the number of ambitious, talented students who fulfil their potential. It is obvious that whether the state funds their degrees there exists the admissibility for students not to work so hard and not aiming to affirm within the society. From the psychological point of view, people are inclined not to appreciate enough something for what they do not need to work hard in order to achieve their goals. Whether the states would give a part of this responsibility to students, the perspective from what they understand the issue relating to education is likely to change for better. Many argue that this change would merely be a burden for students during their university years. The account of this is that they should concentrate on studying more than looking for a job to pay their degrees. Moreover, this is going to affect the students from all backgrounds as long as it is well-known that some of them cannot afford to pay large amounts of money for being educated. It might be true that the modification will cannote outcomes, but the benefits are higher. The government should pay attention more to the quality of students than the number of students. Taking into consideration all these outcomes, perhaps the government should act in a way so students concur even with a small amount of money. The apportionment of funds between the state and students will have a positive impact on the economy, being fewer problems relating the spending cuts in education. If not, taking into account that the state has to pay large amounts of money because the costs of obtaining a degree is higher and higher it will affect the way in which a country aims to improve its statute among the nations from all over the world. Likewise, there will be many advantages relating to facilitations. The government will not only pay attention to payment, but to all the needs of students and there will be more investments in necessary materials and equipment. Every state should be aware of the importance of the quality of education and the importance of making significant steps towards the improvement of students’ skills. According to students the right to participate at the cost of their degrees will not only motivate them to make the most of their education but also the economy will improve.

Environmental Science and Policy Essay

The occurrence of rapid economic and political changes could be traced from the post-era of industrial revolution. These changes have brought impact to the environment wherein emerging industrial progress and remarkable growth of population has acquired significant economic resourcing relating to the utilization of the ecosystem. On the other hand, the accompanying trends in the advancement of science and technologies have conquered the law of natural sciences. The expansion of factories, development of industrial machineries and increasing numbers of vehicles has brought in the looming effect of air pollution and other pollutants. Likewise, the exploitative and inefficient utilization of environment depletes the natural habitation of flora and fauna, from which the ecosystem becomes fragile and the forces of Mother Nature asymmetrically collide. Today, Global Warming is a potential catastrophe that threatens the earth and all its inhabitants. Such a situation depicts the poem of the Founder of Evolutionary Economics, Kenneth Ewart Boulding’s (1910-1993), as cited: â€Å"The world is finite, resources are scarce, Things are bad and will be worse, Coal is burned and gas exploded, Forests out and soil eroded, Wells are dry and air polluted, Dust is blowing, trees are uprooted, Oil is going, ores depleted, Drains receive what is excreted, Land is sinking, seas are rising, Man is far too enterprising, Fires will rage with man to fan it, Soon we will have a plundered planet† (Boulding,1993; in Edugreen Poems, 2008). The health hazard and death toll related to air pollution is extremely alarming; specifically in most highly populated and highly industrialized countries. Thus, the issue on air pollution is recognized as a critical sociological, economic and geological problem that is tried to be sensibly addressed by people and governments worldwide. This paper will objectively examine the extent and scope of various governmental and non-governmental responses on environmental science and policy issues relating to the evolution of the United States’ Clean Air Act, and the effects or impacts of its subsequent amendments towards achieving national and global importance in enacting policies to mitigate air pollution and towards the protection and preservation of the global environment. Methodology This paper adopts a three-prong method of study, such as (1) a review of literature relating to the Clean Air Act, (2) discussion of policy issues affecting its implementation, and (3) situational analysis to evaluate the national impact. What is Clean Air Act? According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), the Clean Air Act (CAA) has been amended in 1970 as an ambitious national campaign to maintain healthy and quality air by controlling air pollution. With the 1970 amendment to CAA, many US-based industries criticized the CAA’s implementation due expensive compliance. To cite, the American businesses in a number of ways are forced to control air pollution through end-of-pipe methods that confine pollution and implement preventative measures that limit the quantity of pollutants, in which the cost of compliance with Clean Air Act regulations can be expensive (US-EPA, 2008). However, the Clean Air Act has been enacted to basically reduce air pollution. Based on the report of Business Week Magazine (2008), CAA implementation contributes to the decrease of significant amounts of air pollutants in the US at about 30% from the period of 1970 to 1995, in spite of the US’ population growth of 28% of that period. Literature Review Brief historical background The problems on air pollution have long been an issue way back from the time of King Edward I of England in 1306 (American Meteorological Society, 1999). As further cited from the American Meteorological Society (1999), King Edward issued a proclamation banning the use of sea coal in London due to the smoke it caused. On the succeeding centuries, Great Britain continuously pursued the anti-pollution campaign on its first trial to air pollution controlling in Chicago and Cincinnati during its US occupation, in which it legislated the Clean Air Policy of 1881. After the British-American war, the Clean Air Policy of 1881 was adopted by the US and enforced by its federal government agencies, specifically the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior which established the Office of Air Pollution. In the 1940’s, the tragedy caused by a â€Å"deadly smog† in Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania elevated the alarm of the residents of affected areas which called the US Congress to pass the ‘Air Pollution Control Act of 1955’, which was the â€Å"first clean air and air quality control acts† that is still in effect and being continuously revised and amended (American Meteorological Society, 1999). Historical amendments to the Clean Air Act as a state policy A timeline on the amendments to the Clean Air Act is herein cited from the electronic journal of the American Meteorological Society (1999) in order to fully discuss the historical and chronological basis of its evolution as a state policy, as follows: In 1955, the local governments’ problems on air pollution has triggered the federal government to address the issue at a national level in which Congress passed the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 as a result of the â€Å"deadly smog tragedy† in Donora, Pennsylvania that accounted the deaths of 20 people and hundreds of casualties from airborne diseases. In 1963, Congress passed the nation’s Clean Air Act of 1963 to reduce air pollution by setting emission standards for stationary sources such as power plants and steel mills. It did not take into account mobile sources of air pollution which had become the largest source of many dangerous pollutants. In 1970, the issue on inadequate laws in enacting the Clean Air Act of 1963 has been amended by the Clean Air Act of 1970 as a major modification which emphasized challenging principles, such as the establishment of â€Å"primary and secondary principles† for setting air quality, minimize emissions from factories and vehicles as to be enacted by the state and federal government, and increased funds for air pollution research and development. Congress did not amend the Clean Air Act during the 1980’s because of President Reagan’s prioritization of economic policies above environmental actions. In 1990, the long phase of idleness of the federal government has realized the need to modify the Clean Air Act of 1970. The amendment has enacted the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 that focuses on 5 key areas of implementation, such as (1) air-quality standards, (2) motor vehicle emissions and alternative fuels, (3) toxic air pollutants, (4) acid rain, and (5) stratospheric ozone depletion. The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (as amended) envisioned a recovery of gaps of regulatory policies and empowered the functions of government agencies’ and the implementations of their policies.