Starbucks Analysis

Financial aspects of Starbucks CONTENTS A. Presentation B. Examination financial matters of Starbucks 1. Nature of item/administration 2. Market patterns 3. Creation/gracefully procedure and costs 4. Structure of the business/showcase 5. Government job 6. Business condition 7. Firm/Industry Location 8. Business and estimating procedures 9. Pioneering capacity of supervisors C. Decision D. References Introduction Starbucks, what began in Seattle in 1971s by three companions: erry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, and Gordon Bowker. They opened a little shop and started selling new and cold coffee.Starbucks has consistently been where you can discover world’s best espresso. In 1970s, Starbucks open its first espresso café and its name originates from a traditional American epic (Starbucks, 2013). Through 1980s, Howard Schultz came into Starbucks, after an excursion for work to Italy and intrigued by espresso culture, his observation is that how to make it materialize in U. S, he tested from Seattle. In 1990s, Starbucks has extended their creation line past Seattle. Venturing cross the rest satiates of U. S just as universal market.At a similar time, Starbucks discharged its exceptional alternative that offer investment opportunity to workers, which made Starbucks become an open exchanged organization. From 2000s, Starbucks proceeded with its amazing marvel, its activity across the board more than 15,000 areas more than 40 nations. Traditional Starbuck’s espresso refreshment has been all around perceived by heaps of clients. These days, Starbucks isn't only a fruitful espresso retailer; it is an espresso culture and spot that individuals make the most of their lifetime. The nine primary regions will give out a clarification what Starbucks looks like like.Key word: Nature of item; Market Trends; Production/Supply Process and Cost; Structure of the Industry; Government Role; Business Environment; Firm/Industry Location; Business and Pricing Strategies and Entrepren eurial Ability of Manager. Examination of the Economics of Starbucks Nature of Product Existing items: clearly, as an espresso related retailer, Starbucks for the most part center around espresso differentiate selling. The fundamental sorts of Starbucks espresso are latte, coffee, frappuccino just as some sweet bread shop, dessert thus on.By the way, as indicated by the possibility of Starbucks itself, what they likely do that make a benevolent beverages environment as opposed to just sell some espresso. In reality, clients truly making the most of their espresso time in Starbucks store on account of social condition. Additionally, Starbucks likewise give espresso beans, espresso pot and espresso mug and different items. In the Chinese market confinement of item plan, and some tea kind, drink even has a specific season deals of Starbucks moon cakes, etc.Role of innovation: Starbucks consistently attempt their best to improve all around cooked espresso beans, ground flawlessly and af terward blended to individual taste. The CEO discharged an explanation that the organization goes through 20 years idealizing a top-mystery innovation that at last outcomes in some espresso made with by means of, that is indistinct from Starbuck's run of the mill blended espresso (CNN cash, 2009). In 2008, Starbucks bought new espresso gear that is called â€Å"clover†. The Clover utilizes exact innovation and a determined calculation to blend espresso inside one degree Fahrenheit of its optimal temperature and produce the perfect flavor (Chron, 2013).It likewise gives a control to association among water and grounds. What is greater progression, it could interface by Starbucks organize so as to more impact the board every unit. Item life cycle: for the most part, item life cycle is partitioned into four sections, present, development, develop and decay. Each creation needs to stroll through these four sections. As indicated by Starbucks, with various espresso propelled depen dent on seasons, it is as yet situated into development period however near develop step.Starbucks assume its job in espresso industry comparative like what monopolist do, its creation involved practically entire piece of the pie that should coordinated to develop stage, yet new creation infrequent propelled hold Starbucks to build its business volume. Value versatility: The value flexibility of Starbucks isn't exceptionally high. On one hand, espresso is essential in day by day life. Then again, Starbucks’ generosity has been perceived among espresso fans, it isn't matters of cost. Substitutes and corresponding items: coffee’s substitutes will be water, tea, mike or other organic product juice.When you step into Starbucks store, client care is unaltered in the event that you get squeezes even a container of water. Market Trends Consumer conduct: Starbucks hold around 33 level of piece of the pie in U. S. nonetheless, half of this tremendous number accounted by folks w ho matured at 25-40(Chorn, 2013). Clearly, essential objective crowd of Starbucks is this gathered individuals. The quality of them is moderately high salary, proficient vocations and an attention on social government assistance. Inspiration of devouring of these folks to Starbucks absolutely for diversion, appreciate life and quest for style and communication.The sub target clients is youthful grown-ups who matured at 18-24, Starbucks position itself as a spot understudy can hang out, examining, composing paper and meeting. The rest clients of Starbucks are children and teenagers who arrive by their folks. Lack of interest bends: Indifference bend implies items, which have diverse join contrastingly to fulfill clients. A straightforward aloofness bend is appeared in figure 1 For the espresso, simultaneously, condition and music can fulfill clients. Espresso can fulfill customers’ taste sense, while condition can fulfill customers’ spirits.Starbucks can build up their own mug, espresso beans to improve productivity. Moves sought after and flexibly bends: With six variables impact request bend: buyers' salary, taste and inclinations, customer desires, related item value, the administration conduct and guidelines and the quantity of shoppers. Once more, six components impact gracefully, number of providers, costs of assets, innovation, flexibly expected, cost all things considered and government activities. Especially, Starbucks hold 33 level of U. S espresso piece of the pie, request of Starbucks will expanded, so request will move toward right side.Also, a great many hundreds area set up would fulfill these interest, flexibly bend move right side. Creation/flexibly Process& cost Input: what Starbucks need do on the off chance that it needs changes quality espresso is contributing espresso bean, water, some capital venture just as work. Creation work and Cost work: creation work identifies with the greatest amount of yield that can be delivere d from given measures of info. A chart appeared beneath about Starbucks creation work. Figure 2: Retrieved from: http://workforce. washington. edu/ezivot/econ301/labor_demand. tm Apparently, as an ever increasing number of works putted into working room, deals of Starbucks espresso expanded. Be that as it may, when expanding work past amount most extreme, there is no expansion on amount. Peripheral examination: negligible investigation is one of the most significant administrative apparatuses. It expresses that ideal administrative choice include contrasting the minor advantages of a choice with the negligible expense. Variable costs won't influence the yield of the change in Starbucks. Espresso industry didn't have a fixed mode. Espresso is the flavor of the food administration industry relies upon client. Structure of the Industry/MarketNature of industry: Starbucks as worldwide well known espresso retailer had construct one of world’s generally incredible and unmistakable brands of great espresso and the one of a kind â€Å"Starbucks Experience. † It initially reformed espresso making industry by making â€Å"third place† among work environment and home that is a spotless, well disposed condition where clients would get away from bedlam from every day life (Wikinvest, 2013). Along these lines, entire espresso industry has been winded by Starbucks style that making unwind and agreeable spot for remaining by quality espresso adjusting. The remainder of different contenders is attempting advance condition as well.Industry focus: it likewise another significant part influence negligible choice. As we referenced above, right around 33% espresso creation devoured by clients got from Starbucks, espresso industry for the most part circulated by this enormous organization, absolutely, other little organization or neighborhood espresso store additionally represent entire espresso industry. Rivalry: clearly, Starbucks hold an overwhelm position in espresso industry and has no unmistakably competition in this segment. The National Coffee Association gauges that the US espresso market will reach $29 billion in 2011(Wikinest, 2013).However, the three beasts in espresso industry focus on their diverse market. Starbucks give their best to hold a shot incredible piece of the overall industry with some difference in value procedure. Though, even McDonald's bigger retail impression may cover more with Starbucks' center markets, yet their distinct contrasts as stores are intelligent of the general contrasts between their center clients. The Dunkin doughnuts positioned in the third, its clients experience is more like â€Å"coffee-to-go† as opposed to place to appreciate lifetime. Therefore, market of espresso to go will be a furious competition.Oligopoly Models: an oligopoly is a market that commanded by scarcely any contenders, Starbucks controlled at the very least 30% espresso piece of the overall industry and made a signif icant job whole market. Though, McDonald’s, Dunkin Donuts, and Caribou Coffee influence espresso industry couldn't be overlooked. Government Role Government job should be viewed as indivisible segment as running business any place local or worldwide. What is uplifting news for effective applying government job that it marked an agreement with an area in China dependent on Chinese government role.That is certain on input obtainment of Starbucks in Chinese market. There is a marked arrangement that Starbucks help out area of Yunnan to set up its first-since forever espresso bean ranch on the planet to take into account a ra

Functions of Management Paper †MGT 330

Elements of Management Paper - MGT 330 Free Online Research Papers At the point when I consider Management, I consider it defining clear objectives, arranging the best way to accomplish these objectives and errands, separating work and having solid aptitudes in spurring others, and having an unmistakable standard to effectively accomplish the best in each work portion. When defining objectives, an administrator should be somebody who can utilize explicit strategies to work with their association to effectively accomplish the objectives. There are four fundamental elements of the executives that one should use so as to effectively accomplish their objectives; arranging, sorting out, driving, and controlling. These capacities are the premise everything being equal. They can be executed regardless of who is defining the objectives; from little, by and by claimed organizations to bigger partnerships. Inside the vocation field I have picked, these capacities have demonstrated to be amazingly important in accomplishing the objectives that I have gone ahea d in the working environment. Arranging is one of the most significant of the four capacities in the board. To be a fruitful supervisor one needs to show solid arranging abilities. As indicated by (Bateman Snell, 2009), arranging is determining objectives to be accomplished and choosing, ahead of time, the proper activities expected to accomplish those objectives. The organization that I am utilized with, Regions Bank, officially AmSouth Bank, has been in activity for a long time and is reliably intending to accomplish long and momentary objectives. Locales Bank is an organization that puts together its accomplishments with respect to arranging out various promoting techniques for giving new imaginative items to its clients. Arranging new advertising procedures is the way in to a fruitful business. The second capacity in the executives is arranging. As per (Dessler Starke, 2004), getting sorted out depends on masterminding the exercises of an endeavor so that they methodicallly add to the objectives of that undertaking. In many organizations individuals will in general accept that association is all the more a human asset work, yet in the financial business association it is indispensable that immediate administrators are utilizing this capacity also. Being in the situation of an immediate director, it has been my obligation to apportion assets and ensure that there are work obligations set out so as to characterize singular jobs. Notwithstanding characterizing singular jobs, I likewise create and oversee explicit instructional classes to keep representatives on target and keep them needing to cooperate with one another in groups. So as to diagram the objectives of accomplishment in the working environment, the work that is set for people must be sorted out. By keeping the work place in a composed way, worker moral remains high and it keeps everybody anticipating succeeding. Locales Bank would not have succeeded and developed into the establishment that it is today without having a high level of association. Driving is the third capacity of the executives. Without having somebody there to lead or guide an individual or gathering then there would not be any inspiration to need to arrive at a potential objective. Rousing and empowering representatives is a fundamental piece of working the organization. On the off chance that representatives have a decent workplace they will in general be progressively beneficial and make the organization increasingly gainful by getting included. As a pioneer, I have steady day by day contact with representatives by utilizing all accessible specialized apparatuses. This enables me to give guidance to people just as inside groups, offices, and divisions. I accept that having great correspondence just forms a more grounded bond between a worker and their administrator. Not exclusively are there going to be more grounded bonds, however the chief will at that point acquire trust in their workers which will, thus, give the representatives more inspiration to fol low in their pioneers strides. Controlling is the remainder of the four capacities in the executives. Controlling isn't simply recognizing what an individual is doing, however setting norms that should be followed to achieve a particular objective. Control is the way toward checking exercises to guarantee that they are being practiced as arranged and rectified without huge deviations (Robbins Coulter, pg.38). In attempting to screen my workers, I need to remain as concentrated as conceivable on the exercises being finished. I have discovered that if a director isn't observing the advancement inside their area of expertise then they won't know about the progressions that may should be made. In the wake of having talked about the four capacities in the board, I accept that they all assume a significant job in having an effective group and association. There will consistently be opportunity to get better with everybody in the organization. With the utilization of the four capacities in the board; arranging, sorting out, driving, and controlling, I accept that top, center, and base administration will have the option to cooperate and stay with the propelled to accomplish an ideal set objectives. In keeping an observing framework as a result, it will likewise be simpler to keep everybody on a similar track to progress. By having the information and capacity to actualize the four administration capacities talked about over, each business can accomplish any arrangement of objectives. References Bateman, Thomas S., Snell, Scott A. (2009). The executives: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World (eighth ed.). , : McGraw-Hill. Dessler, Gary., Starke, Frederick. (2004). The executives: Principles and Practice for Tomorrows Leaders (second ed.). , : Pearson Educations, Inc. Robbins, Stephen P., Coulter, Mary. (pg. 38). Accessible from kimba.ku.ac.th/look into/Organization%20and%20Management.pdf. Research Papers on Functions of Management Paper MGT 330The Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesLifes What IfsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Hockey GameOpen Architechture a white paperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Mental Illness Types, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

Mental Illness Types, Symptoms, and Diagnosis Basics Print Mental Illness Types, Symptoms, and Diagnosis By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 25, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 21, 2019 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Prevalence Types Signs and Symptoms Causes Complications Diagnosis Treatment View All Back To Top Mental illness refers to mental health conditions that have a negative effect on the way an individual thinks, feels, and behaves. Just like the phrase “physical illness” might describe a vast array of physical health conditions, mental illness encompasses many different types of mental health problems. Verywell / Jessica Olah Prevalence The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that one in five adults in the United States experiences a mental illness in any given year. That means almost 20 percent of the population has a mental illness. These are broken down into two categories: Any Mental Illness (AMI) and Serious Mental Illness (SMI), a smaller and more severe group.   An estimated one in 25 adults in the United States experiences Serious Mental Illness in any given year that interferes with or limits one or more major life activity. Some mental illnesses, such as ADHD, begin during childhood. Other mental illnesses, like schizophrenia, are likely to become apparent during adolescence or young adulthood. Some mental illnesses, like certain anxiety disorders, may begin at any age. They may be sparked by a stressful life experience or symptoms may appear for no apparent reason. It’s also possible to have more than one mental illness at a time. For example, someone with generalized anxiety may also have ADHD. Or, someone with anorexia nervosa may also have depression. Types The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) categorizes several hundred specific mental illnesses or disorders. They are broken down into specific classes or types. The classes include: Neurodevelopmental disorderSchizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disordersBipolar and related disordersDepressive disordersAnxiety disordersObsessive-compulsive and related disordersTrauma and stressor-related disordersDissociative disordersSomatic symptom and related disordersFeeding and eating disordersElimination disordersSleep-wake disordersSexual dysfunctionGender dysphoriaDisruptive, impulse-control and conduct disordersSubstance-related and addictive disordersNeurocognitive disordersPersonality disordersParaphilic disordersOther mental disorders Signs and Symptoms The symptoms of mental illnesses vary greatly depending on the condition. For example, someone with depression may experience decreased  energy and trouble sleeping while someone with an eating disorder may binge and purge. All mental illnesses share this in common: they are associated with significant distress or interfere with a person’s ability to function. In order to meet the criteria for mental illness, generally, an individual’s symptoms must interfere with their social, occupational or educational functioning. Everyone experiences peaks and valleys in their mental health. A stressful experience, such as the loss of a loved one, might temporarily diminish your psychological well-being. But that doesn’t mean you’re mentally ill. Most mental illnesses require that the symptoms last for a certain period of time, such as two weeks. Some individuals have insight into their illness and recognize that they’re experiencing a problem. Someone with an anxiety disorder, for example, will likely recognize that their symptoms are affecting their everyday life. However, someone who has a psychotic disorder may not realize that their thoughts are distorted. In general terms, common symptoms of mental illness may include things such as: Loss of interest in activitiesChanges in sleepChanges in appetiteWithdrawalUnexplained physical symptoms, such as headaches and stomachachesDifficulty concentratingChanges in mood Each mental illness has a different set of symptoms, but they tend to involve  changes in thinking, mood, and behavior. If you suspect that you or a loved one has a mental illness it’s important to speak with a physician about your concerns. Causes The exact cause of most mental illnesses isn’t known. Instead, it’s thought that they stem from several different factors. The following are some factors that seem to influence whether someone develops a mental illness: Genetics. Many mental illnesses seem to run in families. Individuals who have a relative with illnesses, like schizophrenia, may be at a higher risk of developing it, for example.Biology. Brain chemicals play a major role in mental illnesses. Changes in neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers within the brain.Environmental exposures before birth. If your mother drank alcohol, used drugs, or was exposed to harmful chemicals or toxins when she was pregnant with you, may be at a higher risk of developing mental illness.Life experiences. The stressful life events you’ve experienced may contribute to the development of mental illness. Enduring traumatic events might cause you to develop conditions, like PTSD or repeated changes in primary caregivers as a child, may cause you to develop an attachment disorder. Complications Mental illness can create a variety of complications in someone’s life. Common complications include: Family conflictLoss of interest in activities that were previously pleasurableSexual dysfunctionIncreased absences at work or schoolDecreased performance at school or workPovertyHomelessnessLegal issuesDrug or alcohol problemsPhysical health problemsIncreased risk of suicideBehavioral issues Diagnosis The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) is the guidebook that is used by professionals to diagnose mental illness. It describes the criteria and symptoms for each mental illness. Mental illnesses may be diagnosed by a physician or a mental health professional, like a psychologist or psychiatrist. To determine whether you have a mental illness, you will most likely be interviewed. A professional will want to understand the history of your illness, the symptoms you are experiencing, and the problems your illness is causing. Family members may also be asked to participate in the interview so they can describe any symptoms they see. Before a diagnosis is made, you may need to undergo a physical exam to rule out physical health issues. Thyroid issues, for example, may cause symptoms of depression or anxiety. You may also be asked to complete questionnaires or to undergo psychological testing. Screening tools or psychological tests may assist a professional in pinpointing your exact diagnosis or help determine the severity of your illness. Treatment Many mental illnesses aren’t curable but they are treatable. Treatment varies greatly, depending on the type of mental illness. Some mental illnesses, such as psychotic disorders, may respond well to medication. Other conditions, like personality disorders, may respond best to talk therapy. Results can also vary greatly on the individual level. If you suspect that you or a loved one may have a mental illness, talk to a physician. The physician may make a referral to a mental health treatment provider for further assessment, evaluation, and treatment. Is Autism a Mental Illness?

The Career Of Orthopedic Surgery - 1692 Words

The career of orthopedic surgery is of utmost importance to the entire medical field and health in general. Orthopedic surgery is the field of medicine involving the rearrangement, repairing, and mending of bone marrow and skeletal structures within the human body. Normally, students pursuing a career in orthopedic surgery must complete a vigorous, extensively designed course of education needed for certification. Once finished with education, orthopedic surgeons will have completed approximately 14 years of formal education. This career choice comes with vigorous requirements; extensive preparation is required before a student may encounter any patients. The practice of orthopedic surgery is certainly a career choice that deserves†¦show more content†¦These specialists help improve people’s quality of life; they help people live their lives to the fullest. Such an important career requires a great deal of education; there are many prestigious schools that have progra ms for orthopedic surgery. There are hundreds of colleges around that nation that have programs designed to instruct future orthopedic surgeons. The University of Virginia is ranked as one of the top thirty medical schools in the United States. David Craig states in an article describing the orthopedic residency program, â€Å"With more than 70 years of proven history, we are established as a national and international leader in providing outstanding patient care, medical education, and musculoskeletal research.† Clearly, the orthopedic program at the University of Virginia is well-renowned. One of the most favorable benefits of attending medical school at the University of Virginia is the â€Å"state-of-the-art musculoskeletal research, methods, and procedures† used throughout the program (Craig). The average cost of four years of undergraduate education without financial aid at the University of Virginia is $122,288 (Craig). The average overall cost of in-state tuiti on for medical school without financial aid is $288,908 (Rector and Board of Supervisors). The University of Virginia offers several different scholarships to which scholars can apply; of these is the Fellowship foundation, designed for medical school students. AsShow MoreRelatedA Career in Orthopedic Surgery1429 Words   |  6 Pageslack of freedom and ability. It is an orthopedic surgeon’s job to bring function to one’s life even if they have never been granted movement without restraint before. Orthopedic surgeons receive patients whose freedom of movement have been compromised and then return it back to them. Orthopedic surgeons give immeasurable opportunities and life experiences back to their patients because of their perseverance and commitment to their patients and careers. 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It is the field of medicine in which I feel the most passion in and could potentially see myself moving upwards in terms of education and profession. In terms of orthopedics, I would specifically like to pursue surgery. Surgery in this field deals with correcting

The Relationship Between Electricity and Magnetism

Electricity and magnetism are separate yet interconnected phenomena associated with the electromagnetic force. Together, they form the basis for electromagnetism, a key physics discipline. Key Takeaways: Electricity and Magnetism Electricity and magnetism are two related phenomena  produced by the electromagnetic force. Together, they form electromagnetism.A moving electric charge generates a magnetic field.A magnetic field induces electric charge movement, producing an electric current.In an electromagnetic wave, the electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular  to one another. Except for behavior due to the force of gravity, nearly every occurrence  in daily life stems from the electromagnetic force. It is responsible for the interactions between atoms and the flow between matter and energy. The other fundamental forces are the weak and strong nuclear force, which govern radioactive decay and the formation of atomic nuclei. Since electricity and magnetism are incredibly important, its a good idea to begin with a basic understanding of what they are and how they work. Basic Principles of Electricity Electricity is the phenomenon associated with either stationary or moving electric charges. The source of the electric charge could be an elementary particle, an electron (which has a negative charge), a proton (which has a positive charge), an ion, or any larger body that has an imbalance of positive and negative charge. Positive and negative charges attracts each other (e.g., protons are attracted to electrons), while like charges repel each other (e.g., protons repel other protons and electrons repel other electrons).   Familiar examples of electricity include lightning, electrical current from an outlet or battery, and static electricity. Common SI units of electricity include the ampere (A) for current, coulomb (C) for electric charge, volt (V) for potential difference, ohm (ÃŽ ©) for resistance, and watt (W) for power. A stationary point charge has an electric field, but if the charge is set in motion, it also generates a magnetic field. Basic Principles of Magnetism Magnetism is defined as the physical phenomenon  produced by moving electric charge. Also, a magnetic field can induce charged particles to move, producing an electric current. An electromagnetic wave (such as light) has both an electric and magnetic component. The two components of the wave travel in the same direction, but oriented at a right angle (90 degrees) to one another. Like electricity, magnetism produces attraction and repulsion between objects. While electricity is based on positive and negative charges, there are no known magnetic monopoles. Any magnetic particle or object has a north and south pole, with the directions based on the orientation of the Earths magnetic field. Like poles of a magnet repel each other (e.g., north repels north), while opposite poles attract one another (north and south attract). Familiar examples of magnetism include a compass needles reaction to Earths magnetic field, attraction and repulsion of bar magnets, and the field surrounding electromagnets. Yet, every moving electric charge has a magnetic field, so the orbiting electrons of atoms produce a magnetic field; there is a magnetic field associated with power lines; and hard discs and speakers rely on magnetic fields to function. Key SI units of magnetism include the tesla (T) for magnetic flux density, weber (Wb) for magnetic flux, ampere per meter (A/m) for magnetic field strength, and henry (H) for inductance. The Fundamental Principles of Electromagnetism The word electromagnetism comes from a combination of the Greek works elektron, meaning amber and magnetis lithos, meaning Magnesian stone, which is a magnetic iron ore. The ancient Greeks were familiar with electricity and magnetism, but considered them to be two separate phenomena. The relationship known as electromagnetism wasnt described until James Clerk Maxwell published A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873. Maxwells work included twenty famous equations, which have since been condensed into four partial differential equations. The basic concepts represented by the equations are as follows:   Like electric charges repel, and unlike electric charges attract. The force of attraction or repulsion is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.Magnetic poles always exist as north-south pairs. Like poles repel like and attract unlike.An electric current in a wire generates a magnetic field around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field (clockwise or counterclockwise) depends on the direction of the current. This is the right hand rule, where the direction of the magnetic field follows the fingers of your right hand if your thumb is pointing in the current direction.Moving a loop of wire toward or away from a magnetic field induces a current in the wire. The direction of the current depends on the direction of the movement. Maxwells theory contradicted Newtonian mechanics, yet experiments proved Maxwells equations. The conflict was finally resolved by Einsteins theory of special relativity. Sources Hunt, Bruce J. (2005). The Maxwellians. Cornell: Cornell University Press. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-0-8014-8234-2.International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1993). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-03583-8. pp. 14–15.Ravaioli, Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Eric Michielssen, Umberto (2010). Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics (6th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-13-213931-1.

Hrm Overnight Tour 2011 Free Essays

PROJECT PROPOSAL I. PROJECT TITLE:â€Å"HRM Overnight Tour 2011† II. PROJECT PROPONENT:BSHRM 4-1 III. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm Overnight Tour 2011 or any similar topic only for you Order Now PROJECT RATIONALE: The HRM Educational Tour 2011 is open to all HRM and non-HRM students of Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences. It is an experience which will afford students the opportunity to be familiarized with hotel operations, attend seminars, appreciate nature’s beauty and build friendship amongst each other. By attending this tour, student will be able to better understand what’s behind their chosen career/course and experience learning outside the four corners of the room. IV. PROJECT OBJECTIVES: Short-Term Objectives . To introduce the HRM students in learning outside the four corners of the room. 2. To introduce students to the different divisions of the hotel involving administrative and operation functions. 3. To assist students in determining their areas of interest with the wide array of career choices when working for the hotel or the hospitality industry in general. 4. To give the students the opportunity to attend seminars and experience hands-on a ctivity. 5. To give the students a chance to appreciate nature’s beauty. 6. To let the students have fun, bond and at the same time build friendship among each other. Long-Term Objectives 1. To help market the school internally and externally. a) Internally – the said educational tour can help market the school, especially to HRM student, because it will leave a lasting impression into the students mind. It will definitely leave an impression that our school doesn’t only offer quality education but also give the students the opportunity to experience learning outside the four corners of the room. b) Externally – because of the lasting impression left into the existing students’ minds, by words of mouth, the students themselves will serve as effective marketing tool. . To contribute to the school’s vision of producing graduates who can compete in industrial and technological skills. V. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: The HRM Educational Tour 2011 is a two-day experience that provides a program consisting of hotel familiarization tour, introduction of the divisions of a hotel, seminar facilitated by departmental trainers of t he hotel, trainings, actual demos, student participation, overnight accommodation at a hotel, environmental appreciation and lastly, recreation. The first stop of the tour is Subic International Hotel where the students will be familiarized with the hotel and trained in the administrative and operational function of the hotel. The training will be facilitated by Departmental Trainers of the hotel who are certified by the Subic International Hotel’s Human Resources Department ensuring that quality training is delivered. The training will include powerpoint presentations, actual demos and student participation. At the end of the training, students will be toured at the back and front areas of the hotel. All the participants will also experience having all their meal, from breakfast to dinner, at the hotel and are free to use the hotel’s swimming pool, mini gym and sauna. The next day, second stop will be at the Subic Ocean Adventure where participant are entitled to a â€Å"Mariners’ Package† where they could enjoy a guided park tour, watch the Dolphin and Sea Lion’s show, visit the Ocean Discovery Aquarium, photo opportunity with the SBMA mascot and lastly, entrance to the Adventure Beach for lunch and a refreshing afternoon swim. After the two days of skill and knowledge enhancing programs, warm accommodating, good food, nature appreciation and recreation at its best, students will definitely say that studying at Sumulong College of Arts and Sciences is the best. VI. PROJECT DURATION: October 1 to October 2, 2011 HRM Overnight Tour 2011 General Schedule of Activities: October 1, 2011 DAY 1 TimeActivity 5:00 – 6:00AM:Registration and Boarding 6:00 – 10:00AM:Trip to Subic International Hotel 10:00 – 10:00 PM:Hotel Tour Training/ Seminar Lunch Accommodation Swimming/Gym/Sauna Dinner 10:00 PM OnwardsSleeping time October 2, 2011 DAY 2 TimeActivity 6:00 – 7:00 AM:Breakfast at Subic International Hotel 7:00 – 8:00 AM:Hotel Check-out 8:00 – 8:30 AM:Trip to Subic Ocean Adventure Theme Park 8:30 – 12:00 NN:Guided park tour and DSL Show 12:00 – 1:30 PM:Lunch at Adventure Beach 1:30 – 4:30 PM:Enjoyment of the Beach 4:30 – 7:30 PM:Trip back to Antipolo (SCAS) (end of tour) VII. TARGET BENEFICIARIES Target beneficiaries of HRM Educational Tour 2011 includes: HRM students, interested students from other programs and HRM faculty members. We are also inviting old HRM students and even SCAS graduates to join the said tour. We are expecting, at least, fifty (50) participants excluding the *faculty members and non-HRM students/ **outsider/ graduates. *HRM faculty members’ are subject to a twenty percent (20%) discount if the expected numbers of participants are not met. *HRM faculty members’ are free of all charges if the expected numbers of participants are met. **Companion or invited company by students are considered outsider. VIII. PROPOSED BUDGET (for 50 participants) Expenses BudgetPer person charge Transportation P 25,000. 00P 500. 00 / pax Insurance Toll and Parking Subic International Hotel P 127,000. 00P 2,540. 00 / pax Hotel tour Seminars/Training Accommodation Meals (4) -Lunch -Dinner -Breakfast -Lunch Ocean Adventure *Other expenses P 5,000. 00P 100. 00 / pax Tarpaulins Waiver forms Contract signing Paperwork SCAS Certificate *Contingency Fund P 23,000. 00P 460. 00 / pax TOTAL = **P 180,000. 00 **P 3,600. 00 / pax **all income and expenses are subject for auditing. all the excess of the fund will be divided into two (2), half will go to the HRM Society fund while the other half will proceed to the treasury of SCAS or as instructed by the SCAS Accounting Department. IX. MONITORING AND EVALUATION The HRM Educational Tour 2011 will be supervised by the officers of the BSHRM 4-1 Events Committee especially the HRM Department Head, HRM Faculty Members, Event Chairman, Events Finance Officer, Events Marketing Officer and Events Program Logistic s Officer. They will make sure that the flow of the activity/program will be safe and properly executed. They will also observe the participation of all the participants in the said tour/event. Also, all the participants and their parent/guardian are required to sign a waiver form declaring that the academe and its management will not be held liable for any untoward incident while the participant is engaged in the said tour. Nonikko Dizon Mendoza President, SCAS HRM Society Chairman, Events Committee CC: President Executive Vice President Dean for Academic Affairs Office of Student Affairs Department Head, HRM Accounting Department How to cite Hrm Overnight Tour 2011, Papers

Temporary Equilibrium and Long Run Equilibrium

Question: Discuss about the Temporary Equilibrium and Long Run Equilibrium. Answer: Introduction In macroeconomics, the performance of the economy is measured with respect to short-run that deals with unexpected diminish in AD that leads to surplus.The focus is mostly on the demand and supply of all commodities and services that are produced in the economy. It is also measured with respect to LR that deals with inflation, which acts as a key impact of the rise in aggregate demand. Macroeconomics, mostly consider the nationwide market of the economy and as a result, it deals with production and distribution of all commodities and services (Gandolfo, 2013). The essay provides a brief overview about LRAS and the SRAS curve. It also examines the SR equilibrium as well as the challenges that are faced in the short run. It illustrates the AD curve, LRAS as well as SRAS. A brief overview related to the effect of government policy as well as SR and LR equilibrium has also been illustrated. Analysis AD indicates the demand for all individual commodities and services that are combined together. It also represents the overall quantity of all commodities that are demanded by the economy at diverse level of prices. The vertical axis illustrates the level of price of all final commodities and services. The aggregate level of price is measured by either the deflator of GDP or by consumer price index (Broda, 2014). In economics, AD implies the overall supply of commodities and services that firms in the domestic economy desires to sell at a given level of price. In the long-run, AS curve is mostly affected by capital, labor and technology. The LRAS is considered stagnant as it shifts slowly among the three ranges of the AS curve. On the other hand, in the SR, the AS curve is mostly upward sloping and it shifts in relation to changes in the level of price as well as production (Kaldor, 2015). Equilibrium is accomplished in the short-run, when both the AD and SAS intersects. However, the equilibrium point gets changed when either AD or SAS curve shifts. The above figure shows that the shift of the AD curve towards the right will cause the equilibrium output and price to increase. It is imperative for an economy to accomplish equilibrium in the all the markets such as labor market as well as product market in order to flourish. The diagram illustrates AD and AS curve. E1 illustrates short-run equilibrium where the equilibrium price is denoted by P1 and equilibrium output is denoted by Y1. It shows an outward movement of the supply curve from S1 to S2 due to sudden shocks in the SRS curve. In the short-run, the factors that are used in the production are mostly fixed (Rao, 2016). Government mostly plays an imperative role to bring the stability back in the economy that is lost in the short-run. They make use of certain measurable changes that will be able to bring the stability in the market. The measurable changes are implemented by using both expansionary and fiscal measures. There are particular contractionary measures that are implemented by the government in order to diminish productivity in the market. However, on the other hand, the government takes expansionary fiscal policy in order to surmount the deficit in productivity. Using these measures, the present situation of economy is re-stabilized. The alterations are incorporated by the government at the level of taxation as well as at the level of employment (Stiglitz, 2015). The LR supply curve is perfectly vertical that reflects the belief of economists regarding the fact that changes in AD only leads to interim change in the total real output of the economy. The diagram shows that equilibrium in the long-run takes place when intersection takes place between AS1, AD1 and LRAS. At the point of intersection, the SR equilibrium real GDP equals to the LR real output. The AD mostly shifts from AD1 to AD curve due to changes in some fiscal policy measures. This will in turn shift the point of equilibrium away from the long-run equilibrium that was accomplished earlier. This will in turn lead to increase the level of price as well as increase in the level of output. This indicates the new short run equilibrium that takes place in the economy (Buiter, 2014). The AS curve is also likely to increase from AS1 to AS2 with the movement of the economy towards the long-run. This will in turn shift the point of equilibrium to provide a coalition with the long-run equilibrium. With the help of the expansionary measures, the level of output and price gets increased in the short-run however; the contractionary measures decreases the level of output and pric e. Conclusion It can be thus concluded that a stable equilibrium requires the economy to produce a level of output at which intersection takes place between the aggregate demand curve, the long run aggregate supply curve and the short run aggregate supply curve. It can also be concluded that the intervention of the government takes place in the short-run in order to restore instabilities in the market. The economic instabilities are thus minimized in the LR through stabilisations policy and welfare of the economy. References Broda, C. . (2014). The economic stimulus payments of 2008 and the aggregate demand for consumption. . Journal of Monetary Economics , 68, S20-S36. Buiter, W. H. (2014). Temporary Equilibrium and Long-Run Equilibrium (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Gandolfo, G. (2013). International Economics II: International Monetary Theory and Open-Economy Macroeconomics. Springer Science Business Media. Kaldor, N. (2015). Keynesian economics after fifty years. In Essays on Keynesian and Kaldorian Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK. , (pp. 27-74). Rao, B. B. (2016). Aggregate demand and supply: a critique of orthodox macroeconomic modelling. Springer. Stiglitz, J. E. (2015). Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. Norton Company.

Bending Moment Lab Report Essay Example

Bending Moment Lab Report Paper Moments are calculated by using static theory, or multiplying perpendicularly directed load by the respective distance to the pivot point. 1. 2 Objective The main objective of that laboratory is to provide students with basic experience and thus, the comparison between calculated and measured values (software) should be demonstrated to show the ability to apply static theory from applied mechanics module. 1. 3 Theory Shear forces The shearing force at any section of a beam is the algebraic sum of the lateral components of the forces acting on either side of the section. F is the resultant action on the left of AAA. As the beam is in equilibrium then resultant reaction on the right of AAA must be downwards. Figurer. Shear forces diagram Equilibrium state fix=ON; iffy=ON; IMO=ON. M In our case we use AAA as a reference point to calculate the bending moment Bending Moment Bending Moment at AAA is defined as the algebraic sum of the moments about the section of all forces acting on either side of the section. Bending moment is considered to be positive when the total moment on the right of AAA is clockwise, whereas moment to the right of AAA is anticlockwise. We will write a custom essay sample on Bending Moment Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Bending Moment Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Bending Moment Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer That type of behavior of ending moment is called sagging since it makes the beam to become concave upward. The opposite of sagging is called hogging. Figure 2. Bending moment (sagging) diagram 2. Experimental apparatus The provided technical equipment is a very functional device that enables students to perform laboratory sessions for mechanical, civil and structural engineering students. It help students to learn more and create a clear visualization and straightforward proof of the bending moment theory in a beam. Experiments include the ability to place the load at any point on the load line o measure the bending moment. The whole apparatus consists of hardware (device itself) and software (program for determining bending moment) Software Software of the STAR is a program that enables computer to perform various tasks as with loads on the line as by virtual visualization. The computer simulation implies the usage of software without teaching hardware equipment. To put it simply, experiments could be actually conducted without the apparatus. Figure 3. Bending moment hardware apparatus Hardware The high quality bending moment device consist of two parallel beams which eave a cut position that acts like a pivot. To accomplish bending moment in a beam experiment students apply loads along the beam. The moment arm bridges the cut onto the load cell thus calculating the reacting and measuring the bending moment force. Students are then able to see the force resultant on the digital display. Additionally, weighs, weighs hangers as well as student and teacher laboratory manuals are included. 3. Experiment Figure 4. Loads and reaction forces diagram In the first part of experiment conducted only one load of 3 available different dads were applied at the distance of mm from the left corner of beam (0-PI).

Carbon - The King of Elements essays

Carbon - The King of Elements essays When you look at the periodic table, you see a lot of letters, some numbers, different colors, and areas divided into rows and sections. There is one element on the periodic table that stands out above and beyond others, an element you should be greatful for it's discovery! That element, of course, being the one and only atomic number 6 Carbon! Now, you might be asking yourself what is so special about Carbon? I don't even know what it does let alone it's importance to us! However, through out this essay, I will prove to you just why Carbon is the king of elements! Here we are with such a tremendous element, millions and millions of years later from the date it was discovered. We are using Carbon here, there, and everywhere, and have yet to figure out who discovered it! That's right! We have no idea who, what, when, where, why, and how it was discovered. All that is known is that letter C on the periodic table was from prehistoric times! We do know one thing, though and that being Carbon gets its name from the Latin word "Carbo" or better known to us as charcoal. So, the mystery of the disovery of Carbon remains just that, a mystery! Carbon is a natural element. It in abundance in the stars, comets, and atmospheres of most planets. It is also found as graphite and diamonds. Graphite is found in many places through out the world. Grapnite is extremely easy to find. Diamonds are mostly found through out Africa and deep within the oceans. Now you might be asking yourself how Carbon could be something so soft and yet something so hard naturally. Well, it's simple. It's all about the arrangement of the atoms within the element. Carbon, because of this, could be the hardest thing in nature and one of the softest. Carbon is also found in our bodies because in some way or another it makes up 16% of you! As you can tell it is quite the useful and common element! ...

Ethics essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics - Essay Example The importance of finding answer to this question is just as, if not more, important than trying to establish and enforce civility and ethics in the workplace. Defining values that support leadership is an ongoing process and requires critical insight and effort on our part. The task of a leader is to establish excellence rather than commanding it. An organization’s mission should be based on our values and beliefs rather than alteration of our values and beliefs because of the mission of organization. Character lays the basis of leadership. Character reflects in a leader’s courage to make decisions from this perspective. Organizations acquire stability from our values. Our purpose must be stable so that we are better able to deal with the unstable environment. Our moral values enable us to always display responsible performance. Performance responsibility exists in people’s moral values, dignity, and ethics obtained from them. Values discussed in the article inc lude openness, equality, liberty, respect for others, self-reliance, and responsibility of behavior. Openness has become a norm in our society. Openness implies that we are self-sufficient and do not need others which in effect paradoxically leads us to a closing end. Despite the immense emphasis placed on the sustenance and enforcement of these values in the American society, these values fail to lay an adequate explanation of the conflict between individualism and collectivism. Nevertheless, the collective nature of ethical value is still promoted by the democratic ideal since it highlights the concerns for others more than the concerns for us. I consent with the author that establishment of excellence is even more important for a leader than commanding excellence. When a leader commands excellence rather than establishing it, he/she might be successful in achieving his/her objectives, but a holistic change that incorporates effective leadership skills in everybody down the line c annot be made unless excellence is established. I also consent with the author that organization’s mission should be driven by the society’s morals and values. This is fundamental to the preservation of our culture, trends, and tradition and for an organization to function ethically in the society. In my personal practice, I see myself as a transformational leader who intends to inculcate the desire, urge, and motivation to bring about a positive change in the followers rather than telling them what to do all the time. I am a strong believer in every individual’s creative abilities and I believe that given the appropriate chance, everybody is able to contribute to the development of a positive change in the society. This responsibility fundamentally rests with the leader because to a large extent, the way followers behave and approach a matter is depicted by the style of leadership adopted by the leader. I do acknowledge that there is confusion about values. Par ticularly in an age where our society has become more multicultural than ever before, values are bound to differ. So in my career when I am caught in a situation where values contrast, I as a leader would see which values promise the achievement of the most desirable and beneficial results. I shall give society’s well-being as a whole priority over the well-being of the society because this would enable me to align the interests of the

Australiam curriculum Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australiam curriculum - Term Paper Example From the provincial level, schools are estranged into districts and then into school boards (ACARA, 2011). It is in the school boards that local policies are made that must be in line with the curriculum from the provincial level. In Australia, all students are assured of equal chances to education unlike before. For instance, pregnant students were not allowed to go to school but this has changed and they can now attend learning institutions of their choice. The government has gone further to provide special schools for the physically disabled students for example, the deaf, blind, and crippled. They are no longer denied their rights to education like before and they can even sue the government if they are not attended to. The administration has put strong disciplinary measures which legally punish any student who goes against the school rules. Punishable behaviors include resistance to authority, use of abusive language, or any kind of behavior that the administration may consider a violation of the schools norms The ministry of education is responsible for organizing as well as supervising education at the primary, secondary, and vocational levels because there is no central department in the education system. Unlike other nations where learning is monitored at the federal government, in Australia, all the responsibility of supervising learning as well as assessing students’ and teachers’ performance takes place in the national level. The provincial education system can be compared to the territorial system although they differ in their assessment, curriculum, and education policies (ACARA, 2011). Education starts at the kindergarten which takes in children as young as five years. From the kindergarten, children proceeds to the elementary school at the age of 6 to 12 years then move to the junior high school. Normally, elementary school includes six grades although it can be extended to eight grades. Junior high school acts as a

Carbonic Anhydrase: Structure, Mechanisms and Functions

Carbonic Anhydrase: Structure, Mechanisms and Functions INTRODUCTION Carbonic anhydrase, abbreviated as CA, is the first identified zinc containing enzyme, (CA; carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid, bicarbonate ions and protons. Being one of the fastest enzyme known, it is believed that one molecule of CA can process one million molecules of carbon dioxide  per second. The basic molecular structure of CA includes specific amino acid threonine 199, glutamate 106, histidine 64 and histidine residues namely His 93, His 95, and His 118. The mode of regulation of CA is being inhibited by various medically prescribed substances that act as non competitive inhibitors, an example is Acetazolamide. CA plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body thus, Mutation of this enzyme may lead to several diseases.(1) CARBONIC ANYHYDRASE THE START: Breathing, a fundamental function in life The air that we breathe in has some valuable oxygen, an important molecule wherein it helps the breakdown of fats and sugars in our cells. From the blood, oxygen diffuses then binds with the hemoglobin to be transported in the cells of our body. A by product of sugar and fat breakdown in cells is called Carbon dioxide CO2). It is a key metabolite in all living organism and it needs to be removed from our body. Carbon dioxide is diffuse out of the cells and transported in the blood in different ways to get to the lungs. CA is transported in numerous forms, mainly as bicarbonate, HCO3-. Bicarbonate is a CO2- with an attached OH group. When the HCO3- reaches the lungs, it is transformed back to a CO2, so it can be exhaled from the body. The conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide facilitates its transport into the cell; while the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate assists trap the carbon dioxide in the cell. This interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate develop at a slow physiological pH hence organism tend to produces an enzyme to hasten the process. This enzyme responsible for the speed up interconversion, which can be found in the red blood cells, is called carbonic anhydrase. Although the interconversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide can happen without the enzyme, CA can great increase the rate of the conversions up to a millions of fold. (2) STRUCTURE The CA molecule in general has ellipsoidal shape with the estimated dimension 4.1 x 4.1 x 4.7 nm. The active site is situated in a cavity having an approximately conical shape. The cavity is assessed 1.5 m wide at the way in and about 1.6 nm deep attaining almost the center of the molecule. The zinc ion is next to the peak of the cone and liganded into 3 imidazole groups. Taken as a whole, the CA is composed of 10-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet enclosed with various elements of other secondary structure. The 6 alpha-helices and 10-beta sheets make up the secondary structure of carbonic anhydrase. The basic function of CA is basically to regulate the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood that is needed in a human body. As the function suggests, the chemical structure of CA extremely lies with the presence of zinc that lies deep within its active site. Its common amino acid composition includes threonine, glutamate and histidine. The specificity of these 3 amino acids (threonine 199, glutamate 106, and histidine 64) plays a critical role in relation to the presence of zinc by charging it with a hydroxyl ion. The zinc cation is associated with three histidine residue protein backbone namely: His93, His95, and His118. As stated, zinc plays a major role in the reaction of CA. The zinc present in the active side of CA is being bound to water to be able to dissociate it into a proton and hydroxyl ion. The hydroxyl ion is being stabilized by the positively charged zinc, in this way; the hydroxyl ion is being prepared to attack the carbon dioxide inside the RBC. A closer look with CA can be seen in the figure below where the amino acid chains in the active site together with the zinc are evident. The role of the zinc basically includes the command of directional transfer of the bound hydroxyl to the carbon dioxide to be able to form bicarbonate ion. From the figure, it shows that the intermediate structure where the bicarbonate ion is still attached to the enzyme. The alanine replicated the side chain for amino acid 199 in this arrangement. Histidine 64 swings in the direction of and away from the zinc ion in every cycle of enzyme action although it is helping the zinc to recharge with a novel hydroxyl ion. The two locations of this residue, revealed in the bottom right figure, symbolize its movement throughout the action of enzyme. Almost immediately as the zinc is reloaded with an original water molecule together with the release of bicarbonate ion, the enzyme is set for another action on some new carbon dioxide molecule. (3) MECHANISM OF CATALYSIS The rate of catalysis of the CA is exceedingly pH dependent. It means that, the higher the pH, the catalysis is faster and as the pH reduces, the speed of the reaction falls down. The mean pH of this transition is near pH 7. (5) Figure 2.0 shows the mechanism of CA catalysis. A zinc atom which is generally bound to four or more ligands differs in CA. In CA, three locations are engaged by the imidazole rings of three histidine residues and an additional site is occupied by a water molecule. Thus the geometry form of the active site is tetrahedral. The zinc atom plays an important role in the mechanism of CA catalysis because it is responsible for the release of a proton H+ from a water molecule, which then generates a nucleophilic hydroxide ion. Then carbon dioxide substrate attaches to the enzymes active site and is situated to react with the hydroxide ion. The zinc-bound OH-  attacks the carbon of CO2  therefore converting it into a bicarbonate ion. This occurs since the zinc ion has the +2 charge, which attracts the oxygen of water. It then deprotonates the water, thus, converting it into a better nucleophile so that the newly converted hydroxyl ion can attack the carbon dioxide. After the nucleophilic attack of zinc bound OH-, addition of water molecule displaces the bicarbonate ion from the metal ion. The CA is then ready for another cycle of catalysis. (7) KINETICS OF REACTIONS CA inhibitors are class of pharmaceuticals that control the activity of carbonic anhydrase. It is inhibited by two classes of compounds, a metal complex forming anions and others are isosteres and sulfonamides. Inhibitors ionize upon binding with the enzyme to give way an NH- group that relocates the zinc hydroxide ions and shares a hydrogen bond. There are roughly 25 clinically used CA inhibitors as a drugs. It is mainly established as antiglaucoma drugs, diuretics, hypotensive agents, anticonvulsants, anticancer agents, antiepileptics, with additional use in the management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, osteoporosis and neurological disorder. (8) Acetazolamide Methazolamide Dorzolamide Topiramate Figure 3. Illustrations of some CA inhibitors (9) Figure 3.0 shows some CA inhibitors like Acetozolamide which acts as a mild diuretic. It cures glaucoma, altitude sickness, and some benign intracranial hypertension. Methazolamide treats glaucoma present in dogs which is called Open-angle glaucoma. While Topiramate which is a weak inhibitor, alleviate epilepsy, lennox gastuat syndrome and migraine headaches. And another CA inhibitor is the, Dorzolamide or sulphonamide which treat ocular hypertension or open-angele glaucoma. (10) CA activator regulates the proton transfer processes between the active site and the solvent system. It also binds at the entrance of the enzyme of the active site. One of the strong activator of CA is Histidine. Some amines and amino acids like l-Trp (tryptophan), l-Phe (Phenylalanine),  d-DOPA (D- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine),  l-Tyr (Tyrosine), 4-amino-l-Phe also works as activators of CA. These CA activators are potentially target for drug development that can be useful as a derivative for the enhancement of synaptic efficacy which can be able to treat various conditions like, depression, alzheimers disease, ageing, spatial learning and memory therapy enhancer. (11) MODE OF REGULATION: Acetazolamide Inhibitor In case of excessive contents of CA in blood and peripheral areas of the lungs, proper regulation and inhibition is needed. Acetazolamide is a non competitive inhibitor that is effective in giving control with the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. This chemical complex substance is medically used o treat different conditions of moderate up to severe metabolic or respiratory alkalosis. Alkalosis may happen if excess CA is being reacted with the bicarbonate and carbon dioxide ions in the RBC, causing extreme absorption of bicarbonate thus giving the erythrocyte more basicity rather than having enough and sufficient pH level. Acetazolamide action is explained by interfering with bicarbonate (HCO3-) reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby giving enough acidity in the RBC, and further results to alkalinizing the urine. The action of inhibition results further to decreased synthesis of aqueous humor of the eye and causes the lowering of intraocular pressure. The interaction of Acetazolamide with CA does not occur with the active site, only close or remote to the active site. The net effect of this inhibitor basically changes the shape of CA that obviously leads to the inability of the substrate to bind properly, results to no catalytic reaction. (12) CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: Carbonic Anhydrase is found in numerous places in the body, including in the cerebro-spinal fluid, cytosol of some cells and mainly in the red blood cells. Since CA generates and utilizes protons and bicarbonate ions, it plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body. Absence or mutation of the CA enzyme may lead to several diseases.  Also, CA inhibitor contributes to several treatments of diseases. One of the linked diseases of CA is the Osteopetrosis with cerebral calcification and renal acidosis. It is a syndrome deficient with CA in the body commonly called as Marble brain disease. This happens because sulfonamide inhibitor of CA can produce metabolic acidosis and have shown that CA inhibitors blocks the parathyroid hormone-induced the release of calcium bone which causes bone resorption. And since CA is present in the brain and CA inhibitors inhibits the production of cerebral spinal fluid, mutation of CA lead to cerebral calcification. Other disease associated with the deficiency of specific type of CAIII is the Myastenia gravis. It is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that results to a weak muscle of a person. Defects in CA IV can cause retinitis pigmentosa, a degeneration of retinal photoreceptor, which a patient experiences night vision blindness and loss of midperipheral visual. (13) Glaucoma, a condition wherein a build up of fluid in the eyes occurs and this presses the optic nerve that caused damage, is treated with the use of CA inhibitors like acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and methazolamide. These inhibitors lessen the amount of fluid in the eye rapidly by 40% to 60% thus lowering the pressure inside the eye of a person with glaucoma. It now lessens the risk of optic nerve damage which promote vision loss. But prolong use of this drug affects the same enzyme in the tissue and may lead to kidney and liver damage The CA also plays an important role in the secretion of acid through the catalyzed hydration of excreted CO2 in the stomach lining which is mainly responsible in digestion of food. It helps to make pancreatic juice alkaline and our saliva neutral. In summary, CA performs different role and functions at their specific locations. (14)

Deaf Event Report Essay

About two weeks ago, I had the opportunity of attending a deaf event which was about deaf jewish life in Germany and Eastern Europe in the 1940’s and the Holocaust at California State University Northridge. This event was a great experience and really interesting to know. Not only was it a personal experience from the life of this speaker Mark Zaurov, but it was something to acknowledge within ourselves to learn how other culture express their emotions towards certain aspects they have been through in their daily lives. The presentation discussed the importance of establishing memorial Deaf for Jews. In this discussion Mark Zaurov included the term â€Å"Deaf Holocaust† which meant surviving struggles and hardships facing Jewish deaf during the Holocaust. Through many experiences and crucial humiliations by German Nazis. He then began to talk about the issues that were occurring with Aktion T4 and Forced Sterilization, which are often used general for research or exhibitions about Deaf people in the Holocaust. Despite what Mark Zaurov went through I learned that he was born deaf in Moscow, Russia. Together with his parents and his deaf sister, he emigrated to Israel.

Focusing Through Scattering Media With High Speed Characterization Engineering Essay

The formation of a focal point through a randomly dispersed dispersing medium proves to be hard because the incident light wave front is quickly destroyed inside this medium by multiple sprinkling. Controling light extension through dispersing media is of cardinal involvement in optics and critical for applications in biomedical imagination and stuffs review ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2007 ) . The chief purpose of this undertaking is to optimise the wave front utilizing liquid crystal spacial visible radiation modulator ( LC-SLM ) and deformable mirror device ( DMD ) with high exchanging velocity. There are three chief grounds. First, driven by the demand of modern non-invasive optical imagination, which is still a great challenge to modern scientific discipline and engineering, the ability of concentrating visible radiation through extremely dispersing media can enable betterments in biological microscopy in biological tissue ( J. Aulbach et Al, 2011 ) . Second, the information about the initial wave front, though extremely scrambled, is non lost in the scattering field but can be retrieved by undoing the dispersing procedure by propagating through the turbid medium itself. Third, in order to enable dramatic betterments in imaging deepness and contrast, fast rate commanding wave front is necessary to get the better of the spot decorrelation times of populating biological stuffs. Our long term end is to find how fast we can optimise wave front with iterative techniques in order to acquire a better biological image with deep deepness. We try to carry through this possibility through the undermentioned aims: ( I ) Use iterative methods that divide the incident visible radiation on a scattering sample into N spacial input manners and utilize the estimated transmittal matrix to foretell the SLM input province that will optimise an end product province. ( two ) To seek a new high-velocity stage mask optimisation technique, which utilizes off-axis binary-amplitude comp uter-generated holography implemented on a deformable mirror device ( DMD ) with an optical strength detector like CCD camera supplying control feedback. We propose to utilize a assortment of stuffs of natural beginning like Rutile TiO2 and Chicken eggshell to verify the cosmopolitan pertinence of inversion of wave diffusion. The rational virtue of the proposed activity: This undertaking connects country of the optical imagination and biological tissues. And it provides a tract for get the better ofing the repeated sprinkling and intervention jobs, doing it possible to concentrate through cloudy media and enable an betterment in biological imagination. The broader impacts ensuing from the proposed activity: This undertaking will progress the basic techniques to fast control incident light wave front and acquire better biological image with deep deepness and contrast. This undertaking will besides plan user interface package designed in python linguistic communication, allowing it to be more convenient to detect biological tissues.Undertaking NARRATIVE/DESCRIPTIONI. Introduction or Specific Purposes:1 ) Motivation:Acquire clear and better image of high declaration by concentrating through dispersing media.2 ) Hypothesis:Word picture of high-scattering medium may be achieved by commanding wavefront transition via high exchanging rates modulator.3 ) Specific Aims:a ) Optimize the incident light wave front with Spatial Light Modulator ( SLM ) to concentrate an image through cloudy medium. Divide the incident visible radiation by iterative methods on a scattering sample into N spacial input manners. Use the estimated transmittal matrix to foretell the SLM input province that will optimise an end product province and step the strength of the visible radiation. B ) To seek a fast stage mask optimisation technique utilizing deformable mirror device ( DMD ) to get the better of the fast spot decorrelation times of biological tissues. Use off-axis holography implemented on a DMD with an optical strength detector like CCD camera supplying control feedback. Measure the exchanging velocity to obtain a high velocity word picture of dispersing media.4 ) Significance:This undertaking will progress the basic techniques to fast control incident light wave front and acquire better biological image with deep deepness and contrast. This undertaking can link country of the optical imagination and biological tissues. And it can supply a tract for get the better ofing the repeated sprinkling and intervention jobs, doing it possible to concentrate through cloudy media and enable an betterment in biological imagination.II. Background and Preliminary Surveies:Random sprinkling of light makes some stuffs like milk and biological tissues opaque. Repeated sprinkling and intervention in these stuffs distort the incident light wave fronts so strongly that all spacial coherency is lost ( 4 ) . Aberrances and random dispersing badly limit optical imagination in deep tissue. A figure of research groups have demonstrated optical focussing through dispersing media. Controling light extension through dispersing media is of cardinal involvement in optics and critical for applications in biomedical imagination and stuffs review ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2007 ) . There is an increasing involvement in wavefront control techniques fo r concentrating through cloudy media ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2008 ) . These methods chiefly depend on the deterministic nature of multiple dispersing to determine the incident wave front and pre-compensate for the scattering effects of light extension. Many researches use iterative methods that divide the incident visible radiation on a scattering sample into N spacial input manners ( M. Cui et Al, 2011 ) with a end of optimising strength at a point on the opposite side of the medium. An optical strength detector like CCD camera provides control feedback. Other iterative techniques optimize the input manners in analogue, therefore increasing the velocity at which the focal point is formed ( S. Popoff et Al, 2010 ) . Besides, there are some other techniques that measure the transmittal matrix through the scattering stuff ( G. Lerosey et Al, 2007 ) . In transmittal matrix optimisation the relationship between optical input and end product manners of the system is estimated from the e nsemble of N spacial visible radiation modulator ( SLM ) input provinces and N matching end product provinces. Using that relationship one can optimise focal point at any point in the mensural field. Optical or digital stage junction has besides been used to enter the scattered field and return a focussing beam through the turbid media ( M. Cui et Al, 2007 ) . The ability of concentrating visible radiation through extremely dispersing media can enable betterments in biological microscopy in biological tissue. Light dispersing limits the imaging deepness into biological stuffs, and it could be compensated via wave front control. However, populating biological stuffs have speckle decorrelation times on the msec timescale ( M. Cui et Al, 2007 ) . This fast rate of alteration is a large job for current methods of concentrating through turbid media because of exchanging rate restrictions imposed by the wavefront transition device. Recently many researches implement phase-only wavefront transition utilizing liquid crystal spacial visible radiation modulators ( LC-SLM ) ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2007 ) , which is more efficient for making a focal point than amplitude lone transition ( I. Vellekoop et Al, 2010 ) . But the LC-SLMs shift velocity is limited by the rate at which the liquid crystals can aline in the device. Therefore, new high-speed techniques for optimising stage masks are required to implement concentrating through biological samples. We want to seek a new high-velocity stage mask optimisation technique, which utilizes off-axis binary-amplitude computer-generated holography implemented on a deformable mirror device ( DMD ) ( D. Dudley et Al, 2003 ) and demonstrate wave front finding about one order of magnitude faster than the anterior province of the art. Furthermore, the transportation matrix attack provides a general and thorough word picture of the dispersing medium that non merely allows for the focussing on a given point in infinite but besides enables the finding of wave fronts for other optical processing applications ( G. Lerosey et Al, 2008 ) . The deformable mirror device ( Figure 1. a ) is a critical constituent of an adaptative ocular system. It is used to use the rectification to the distorted wave front. In current systems the deformable mirror device is the most expens ive constituent. Recent technological progresss have presented alternate engineerings for deformable mirror devices. Three engineerings: liquid crystals, stacked piezoelectrics, and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems. The MEMS shows peculiar promise. MicroElectroMechanical Systems ( MEMS ) deformable mirrors are presently the most widely used engineering in wavefront defining applications given their versatility, adulthood of engineering, and the high-resolution wave front rectification that they afford. Using advanced, cheap fabrication engineering, the public presentation strengths of MEMS DMs are built-in to micromachining: a ) Thousands of Actuators: big actuator arrays allow for high-resolution wave front rectification. B ) Sophisticated Surface Control: advanced microstructures minimize the influence between neighbouring actuators, allowing high frequence forms on the mirror surface and doing high order rectification possible. degree Celsius ) High Speed: optimized design enable s rapid wave front determining for high-velocity applications. After optimized by deformable mirrors device ( Figure 1. B ) , we want to utilize wavefront detector to mensurate the strength sweetening of the focal point and so give feedback to the computing machine to command the wavefront transition. We try to utilize the adaptative optics system ( Figure 1. degree Celsius ) . Adaptive optics systems comprise three chief elements: a ) Wavefront detector: measures the stage aberrance in the optical wave front. B ) Deformable mirror: adjusts its place to rectify for the aberrance. degree Celsius ) Control system: receives measurings from the detector and calculates the disciplinary motion of the deformable mirror.III. Experiment Approach:1 ) Using Python linguistic communication to command the CCD ( Charge-coupled Device ) camera and get the dynamic image of an object with demoing the strength of the visible radiation. Experimental design and principle. We will utilize Pike F-032B/C camera which is fixed on experiment tabular array to acquire the images after concentrating by certain focal lens. The Pike F-032B/C is a really fast VGA camera with premium image quality and a fast FireWire 1394b interface that can be connected with the computing machine easy. It is equipped with a Kodak KAI-0340 CCD detector. At full declaration, it runs 208 Federal Protective Service. Higher frame rates can be reached by a smaller AOI ( Automatic Optic Inspection ) , binning ( b/w ) , or sub-sampling. Programing in Python linguistic communication will command the camera to put up the exposure clip, take image and besides save the images as a certain file. The image that we take is 8-bit with a colour scope from 0 to 255 which means that ruddy is of high strength while bluish is of low strength. We will utilize python to change over it into 16-bit which is of high quality than former one. Besides, we will make an interface window for the user to command the camera comfortably ( see figure1 ( degree Celsius ) ) . 2 ) Use SLM ( Spatial Light Modulator ) to steer and concentrate visible radiation through dispersing stuffs by spatially determining the wave front of the incident optical maser beam. Experiment apparatus and design. A elaborate schematic of the experiment is shown in Figure1 ( a ) . A polarized optical maser beam with a wavelength of 488 nanometer is expanded by a factor of 9 utilizing the spacial filter formed by L1, L2 and projected onto the spacial visible radiation modulator ( SLM ) with an extra 2x magnification. The strength of the optical maser is reduced by a impersonal denseness filter and mulct adjusted utilizing a combination of a rotatable half moving ridge home base ( HWP ) and a polarizer ( PBS1 ) . The beam is shaped spatially utilizing a brooding phase-only SLM. The pels of the SLM are grouped into 50A-50 square sections. The SLM is connected to the digital picture interface ( DVI ) end product of a picture artworks card in the Personal computer. The search tabular array in the SLM hardware was configured so that grey values of 0-255 correspond to phase holds of 0 ~ ( 255/128 ) Iˆ severally. The computing machine sets the stage for each of the sections. The SLM and all other hardware are controlled by usage ActiveX constituents written in C linguistic communication. Hardware acceleration is used to accomplish existent clip ( 60 frames per second ) public presentation. The constituents were ‘wired together ‘ in the scripting linguistic communication Python to command different experiments. A lens and a 10x microscope nonsubjective image the surface of the SLM onto the surface of the pupa. The front surface is in the focal plane of microscope nonsubjective O1. The back surface of the pupa is imaged onto a CCD camera utilizing nonsubjective O2 and lens L6. We defined a mark country on the camera, matching to a circle with a diameter of 0.5 I?m on the sample surface. The computing machine plan integrates the camera strength over this mark country to supply a feedback signal for the algorithm. The moving ridge is optimized continuously and the breakdown algorithm dynamically follows alterations in the spot form. How good the alterations can be followed is quantified by the ratio of the continuity clip of the spot Tp to the clip needed for a individual loop of the algorithm Ti. The theoretically accomplishable sweetening for this algorithm peers I ·= 0.5Tp/Ti, when the figure of modulator sections N is big plenty ( N & gt ; & gt ; Tp/Ti ) . 3 ) Use a phase-control holographic technique via deformable mirror device ( DMD ) that can be updated at high informations rates enabling high velocity wave front measurings to qualify dispersing media with the intent of concentrating visible radiation through it. Experiment apparatus and design. A collimated and expanded 532 nanometers laser illuminates the DMD, which consists of an array of 1024Ãâ€"768 mirrors, as shown in Figure1 ( B ) . We use N = 256 or 1024 inputs to a individual end product manners defined by the photodetector. To implement the transmittal matrix measuring method with the DMD we generate 768 binary amplitude holographs for N = 256, or 3072 holographs for N = 1024. The experimental diffraction efficiency of the holograph with the DMD was 6-10 % of the incident power. All holographs are loaded onto the DMD memory, which in concurrence with high-velocity package, allows for DMD control at maximal frame rate. A Fourier transforming lens is placed one focal length off from the DMD. An flag placed after this lens in the Fourier plane blocks all diffraction orders, except for the 1st diffraction order, where the stage mask information is encoded. The 1st order visible radiation is so propagated through another Fourier transforming lens, which images the stage mask at the back aperture of a 20X ( NA = 0.5 ) aim lens that focuses the beam onto the scattering sample. A 100X ( NA = 0.75 ) aim images a plane ~1 millimeter behind the dispersing sample onto a 50 I?m pinhole placed before a photodetector. The back aim and the pinhole size are selected to fit the pinhole to the speckle size of the visible radiation scattered by the sample. The photodetector electromotive force is digitized and sent to the computing machine, where it is used to cipher the transmittal matrix through the dispersing stuff to the individual end product manner. A Python plan controls all system calculation and synchronism. By utilizing a photodetector the strength measuring is oversampled in clip and an mean value is used for the strength step to filtrate noise. A non-polarizing beamsplitter placed after the tubing lens and before the pinhole creates a 2nd image plane on a CCD array for imaging the focal point topographic point. We try to utilize the adaptative optics system to carry through this aim. Wavefront detector will mensurate the stage aberrance in the optical wave front. Deformable mirror can set its place to rectify for the aberrance. And the control system will have measurings from the detector and cipher the disciplinary motion of the deformable mirror.IV. Expected Results and Broader Impact:1 ) Expected Consequences:We expect that precise control of diffuse visible radiation can be possible utilizing an optimum, noiterative algorithm and that visible radiation can be directed through opaque objects to organize one or multiple focal point. Besides, reverse wave diffusion can hold applications in imagination and light bringing in dispersing media, perchance including metal nano-structures. We expect that high velocity wavefront optimisation for concentrating through turbid media utilizing a DMD with off-axis binary amplitude holography for stage control and the transmittal matrix method adapted t o the undertaking. With this attack we demonstrated an order of magnitude betterment in measurement velocity over the current fastest wavefront finding method ( I. M. Cui et al,2010 ) and three orders of magnitude betterment over LC-SLM methods ( I. M. Vellekoop et al,2007 ) . This undertaking will besides plan user interface package designed in python linguistic communication, allowing it to be more convenient to detect biological tissues.2 ) Broader Impact:This undertaking can link country of the optical imagination and biological tissues. And it can supply a tract for get the better ofing the repeated sprinkling and intervention jobs, doing it possible to concentrate through cloudy media and enable an betterment in biological imagination. This undertaking will progress the basic techniques to fast control incident light wave front and acquire better biological image with deep deepness and contrast. This method should hold plenty velocity to get the better of the fast spot decorrelation times of biological samples and bring forth plenty concentrating power for a assortment of biomedical detection and imagination applications.Table 1. Conjectural Measured Intensity Enhancement for Different MaterialsSampleL ( um )NitrogenRutile TiO2 Chicken eggshellaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Figure CaptionFigure 1. a ) The large-scale deformable mirror uses MEMS-like constituents. The electrically-grounded spring bed is deformed by electrostatic attractive force to electrodes on the base bed. Its gesture is translated to the mirror through a set of stations. B ) A deformable mirror can be used to rectify wavefront mistakes. degree Celsius ) A conventional diagram of the adaptative optics system with each of these elements. Figure2 ( a ) Detailed schematic of the wave front determining setup. Figure2 ( B ) Mirror cells of DMD. Figure2 ( degree Celsius ) Python designed user interface. Figure1 ( vitamin D ) Apparatus for concentrating through dispersing media. Figure 1 Basic Construction of Deformable Mirror Device and Adaptive Optics System Figure 2 The schematic of the wave front determining setup and apparatusMentions CITEDJournal of the Optical Society of America, 2011 ISI Impact Factor: 2.185 1. I. M. Vellekoop and A. P. Mosk, â€Å" Concentrating coherent visible radiation through opaque strongly dispersing media, † Opt. Lett. 32 ( 16 ) , 2309-2311 ( 2007 ) . 2. I. M. Vellekoop, A. Lagendijk, and A. P. Mosk, â€Å" Exploiting upset for perfect focussing, † Nat. Photonics 4 ( 5 ) , 320-322 ( 2010 ) . 3. J. Aulbach, B. Gjonaj, P. M. Johnson, A. P. Mosk, and A. Lagendijk, â€Å" Control of light transmittal through opaque dispersing media in infinite and clip, † Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 ( 10 ) , 103901 ( 2011 ) . 4. P. Sebbah, ed. , Waves and Imaging through Complex Media ( Kluwer, 2001 ) . 5. I. M. Vellekoop and A. P. Mosk, â€Å" Phase control algorithms for concentrating visible radiation through cloudy media, † Opt. Commun. 281 ( 11 ) , 3071-3080 ( 2008 ) . 6. M. Cui, â€Å" Parallel wavefront optimisation method for concentrating visible radiation through random dispersing media, † Opt. Lett. 36 ( 6 ) , 870-872 ( 2011 ) . 7. S. Popoff, G. Lerosey, M. Fink, A. C. Boccara, and S. Gigan, â€Å" Image transmittal through an opaque stuff, † Nat Commun 1 ( 6 ) , 81 ( 2010 ) . 8. G. Lerosey, J. de Rosny, A. Tourin, and M. Fink, â€Å" Concentrating beyond the diffraction bound with far-field clip reversal, † Science 315 ( 5815 ) , 1120-1122 ( 2007 ) . 9. I. Vellekoop and C. Aegerter, â€Å" Concentrating visible radiation through life tissue, † San Francisco, California, USA, SPIE 7554, 755430 ( 2010 ) . 10. M. Cui and C. Yang, â€Å" Execution of a digital optical stage junction system and its application to analyze the hardiness of turbidness suppression by stage junction, † Opt. Express 18 ( 4 ) , 3444-3455 ( 2010 ) . 11. D. Dudley, W. Duncan, and J. Slaughter, â€Å" Emerging digital micromirror device ( DMD ) applications, † Proc. SPIE 4985, 14-25 ( 2003 ) .Budget and JustificationSUMMARY PROPOSAL BUDGETaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆFOR NSF USE ONLY ORGANIZATION University of Georgia Research Foundation Inc PROPOSAL NO. DURATION ( months ) Proposed PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/ PROJECT DIRECTOR Peter Kner AWARD NO.aˆˆA. Senior Forces: PI/PD, CO-PI ‘S, Faculty and Other Senior Associates ( List each individually with rubric, A.7. show figure in brackets ) NSF Funded person-months Fundss Requested by suggester CAL ACAD SUMR 1. Peter Kner – Pi 1.00 0.00 0.00 8,941 2.aˆˆaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆ3. 4. 5. 6. ( 0 ) OTHERS ( LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET JUSITIFICATION PAGE ) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7. ( 1 ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL ( 1-6 ) 1.00 0.00 0.00 B. OTHER PERSONNEL ( SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS ) 1. ( 0 ) POST DOCTORAL SCHOLARS 2. ( 0 ) OTHER PROFESSIONALS ( TEHCNICIAN ) 3. ( 1 ) Alumnus Students 4. ( 0 ) UNDERGRAUDATE Students 5. ( 0 ) SECRETARIAL – CLERICAL ( IF CHARGED DIRECTLY )aˆˆ6. ( 0 ) OTHERSaˆˆEntire SALARIES AND WAGES ( A + B ) 27,433 C. FRINGE BENEFITS ( IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS ) 2,200 Entire SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS ( A + B + C ) 29,633 D. EQUIPEMNT ( LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $ 5,000. )aˆˆSLM 20,000 aˆˆ DMD 30,000 Entire EQUIPMENTaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆ50,000 E. TRAVEL 1. DOMENSTIC ( INCL. CANADA, MEXICO AND U.S. POSSESSIONS ) 2,000 2. FOREIGN 0 F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTSaˆˆ1. STIPENDS$0aˆˆ2. Travel 0aˆˆ3.SUBSISTENCE 0aˆˆ4. OTHERaˆˆ0aˆˆEntire NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS ( 0 ) Sum PARICIPANT COSTS 0 G. OTHER DIRECT COSTSaˆˆ1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES 17,600 2. PUBLICATION COSTS/ DOCUMENTATION/ DISSEMINATIONaˆˆ3. CONSULTANT SERVICESaˆˆ4. Computer SERVIESaˆˆ5. SUBAWARDSaˆˆ6. OTHERaˆˆTOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS 17,600 H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS ( A THROUGH G ) 49,233 I. Indirect COSTS ( F & A ; A ) ( SPECIFY RATE AND BASE )aˆˆEntire INDIRECT COSTS ( F & A ; A ) 0 J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS ( H + I ) 49,233 K. RESIDUAL FUNDS 0 L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST ( J ) OR ( J MINUS K ) 49,233 M. COST SHARING PROPOSED LEVEL $ 0 AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $ PI/PD NAME FOR NSF USE ONLY Peter Kner Indirect COST RATE VERIFICATION ORG. REP. NAME Date Checked Date of Rate SheetaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆBudget JustificationA.1.Dr. Peter Kner, Director, will work one person-months on the undertaking at an hourly rate of $ 51.58/hr.1 months * 173.33hrs/month * $ 51.58/hr = $ 8,941B.3.Two other forces will work on the undertaking.2 Alumnus Students1person*12 months * $ 1541/month = $ 18,492C. Fringe Benefits8 % TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES ( A+B ) is used to cover periphery benefits.$ 1,700 for medical benefits$ 500 for alveolar consonant and visionD.1.Spatial visible radiation modulator $ 20,000Deformable mirror device $ 30,000E.1.Travel and Communication $ 2,000G.1. Materials and SuppliesMaterials/Supplies Cost/unit Units CostChemical Samples $ 120/unit 100units $ 12000.00Electronicss $ 200/unit 3 units $ 600.00Turbid media $ 500/unit 10 units $ 5000.00$ 17,600.00